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GIT-LOG(1)			  Git Manual			    GIT-LOG(1)



NAME
       git-log - Show commit logs

SYNOPSIS
       git log [<options>] [<revision-range>] [[--] <path>...]


DESCRIPTION
       Shows the commit logs.

       List commits that are reachable by following the parent links from the
       given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s)
       given with a ^ in front of them. The output is given in reverse
       chronological order by default.

       You can think of this as a set operation. Commits reachable from any of
       the commits given on the command line form a set, and then commits
       reachable from any of the ones given with ^ in front are subtracted
       from that set. The remaining commits are what comes out in the
       command's output. Various other options and paths parameters can be
       used to further limit the result.

       Thus, the following command:

	   $ git log foo bar ^baz


       means "list all the commits which are reachable from foo or bar, but
       not from baz".

       A special notation "<commit1>..<commit2>" can be used as a short-hand
       for "^<commit1> <commit2>". For example, either of the following may be
       used interchangeably:

	   $ git log origin..HEAD
	   $ git log HEAD ^origin


       Another special notation is "<commit1>...<commit2>" which is useful for
       merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference
       between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:

	   $ git log A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B)
	   $ git log A...B


       The command takes options applicable to the git-rev-list(1) command to
       control what is shown and how, and options applicable to the git-
       diff(1) command to control how the changes each commit introduces are
       shown.

OPTIONS
       --follow
	   Continue listing the history of a file beyond renames (works only
	   for a single file).

       --no-decorate, --decorate[=short|full|auto|no]
	   Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. If short is
	   specified, the ref name prefixes refs/heads/, refs/tags/ and
	   refs/remotes/ will not be printed. If full is specified, the full
	   ref name (including prefix) will be printed. If auto is specified,
	   then if the output is going to a terminal, the ref names are shown
	   as if short were given, otherwise no ref names are shown. The
	   option --decorate is short-hand for --decorate=short. Default to
	   configuration value of log.decorate if configured, otherwise, auto.

       --decorate-refs=<pattern>, --decorate-refs-exclude=<pattern>
	   For each candidate reference, do not use it for decoration if it
	   matches any patterns given to --decorate-refs-exclude or if it
	   doesn't match any of the patterns given to --decorate-refs. The
	   log.excludeDecoration config option allows excluding refs from the
	   decorations, but an explicit --decorate-refs pattern will override
	   a match in log.excludeDecoration.

	   If none of these options or config settings are given, then
	   references are used as decoration if they match HEAD, refs/heads/,
	   refs/remotes/, refs/stash/, or refs/tags/.

       --clear-decorations
	   When specified, this option clears all previous --decorate-refs or
	   --decorate-refs-exclude options and relaxes the default decoration
	   filter to include all references. This option is assumed if the
	   config value log.initialDecorationSet is set to all.

       --source
	   Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each
	   commit was reached.

       --[no-]mailmap, --[no-]use-mailmap
	   Use mailmap file to map author and committer names and email
	   addresses to canonical real names and email addresses. See git-
	   shortlog(1).

       --full-diff
	   Without this flag, git log -p <path>...  shows commits that touch
	   the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified paths. With
	   this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch the specified
	   paths; this means that "<path>..." limits only commits, and doesn't
	   limit diff for those commits.

	   Note that this affects all diff-based output types, e.g. those
	   produced by --stat, etc.

       --log-size
	   Include a line "log size <number>" in the output for each commit,
	   where <number> is the length of that commit's message in bytes.
	   Intended to speed up tools that read log messages from git log
	   output by allowing them to allocate space in advance.

       -L<start>,<end>:<file>, -L:<funcname>:<file>
	   Trace the evolution of the line range given by <start>,<end>, or by
	   the function name regex <funcname>, within the <file>. You may not
	   give any pathspec limiters. This is currently limited to a walk
	   starting from a single revision, i.e., you may only give zero or
	   one positive revision arguments, and <start> and <end> (or
	   <funcname>) must exist in the starting revision. You can specify
	   this option more than once. Implies --patch. Patch output can be
	   suppressed using --no-patch, but other diff formats (namely --raw,
	   --numstat, --shortstat, --dirstat, --summary, --name-only,
	   --name-status, --check) are not currently implemented.

	   <start> and <end> can take one of these forms:

	   o   number

	       If <start> or <end> is a number, it specifies an absolute line
	       number (lines count from 1).

	   o   /regex/

	       This form will use the first line matching the given POSIX
	       regex. If <start> is a regex, it will search from the end of
	       the previous -L range, if any, otherwise from the start of
	       file. If <start> is ^/regex/, it will search from the start of
	       file. If <end> is a regex, it will search starting at the line
	       given by <start>.

	   o   +offset or -offset

	       This is only valid for <end> and will specify a number of lines
	       before or after the line given by <start>.

	   If :<funcname> is given in place of <start> and <end>, it is a
	   regular expression that denotes the range from the first funcname
	   line that matches <funcname>, up to the next funcname line.
	   :<funcname> searches from the end of the previous -L range, if any,
	   otherwise from the start of file.  ^:<funcname> searches from the
	   start of file. The function names are determined in the same way as
	   git diff works out patch hunk headers (see Defining a custom
	   hunk-header in gitattributes(5)).

       <revision-range>
	   Show only commits in the specified revision range. When no
	   <revision-range> is specified, it defaults to HEAD (i.e. the whole
	   history leading to the current commit).  origin..HEAD specifies all
	   the commits reachable from the current commit (i.e.	HEAD), but not
	   from origin. For a complete list of ways to spell <revision-range>,
	   see the Specifying Ranges section of gitrevisions(7).

       [--] <path>...
	   Show only commits that are enough to explain how the files that
	   match the specified paths came to be. See History Simplification
	   below for details and other simplification modes.

	   Paths may need to be prefixed with -- to separate them from options
	   or the revision range, when confusion arises.

   Commit Limiting
       Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
       special notations explained in the description, additional commit
       limiting may be applied.

       Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
       --since=<date1> limits to commits newer than <date1>, and using it with
       --grep=<pattern> further limits to commits whose log message has a line
       that matches <pattern>), unless otherwise noted.

       Note that these are applied before commit ordering and formatting
       options, such as --reverse.

       -<number>, -n <number>, --max-count=<number>
	   Limit the number of commits to output.

       --skip=<number>
	   Skip number commits before starting to show the commit output.

       --since=<date>, --after=<date>
	   Show commits more recent than a specific date.

       --since-as-filter=<date>
	   Show all commits more recent than a specific date. This visits all
	   commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit
	   which is older than a specific date.

       --until=<date>, --before=<date>
	   Show commits older than a specific date.

       --author=<pattern>, --committer=<pattern>
	   Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines
	   that match the specified pattern (regular expression). With more
	   than one --author=<pattern>, commits whose author matches any of
	   the given patterns are chosen (similarly for multiple
	   --committer=<pattern>).

       --grep-reflog=<pattern>
	   Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that match the
	   specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one
	   --grep-reflog, commits whose reflog message matches any of the
	   given patterns are chosen. It is an error to use this option unless
	   --walk-reflogs is in use.

       --grep=<pattern>
	   Limit the commits output to ones with log message that matches the
	   specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one
	   --grep=<pattern>, commits whose message matches any of the given
	   patterns are chosen (but see --all-match).

	   When --notes is in effect, the message from the notes is matched as
	   if it were part of the log message.

       --all-match
	   Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep,
	   instead of ones that match at least one.

       --invert-grep
	   Limit the commits output to ones with log message that do not match
	   the pattern specified with --grep=<pattern>.

       -i, --regexp-ignore-case
	   Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to
	   letter case.

       --basic-regexp
	   Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
	   this is the default.

       -E, --extended-regexp
	   Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
	   instead of the default basic regular expressions.

       -F, --fixed-strings
	   Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret
	   pattern as a regular expression).

       -P, --perl-regexp
	   Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
	   expressions.

	   Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
	   compile-time dependency. If Git wasn't compiled with support for
	   them providing this option will cause it to die.

       --remove-empty
	   Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.

       --merges
	   Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as
	   --min-parents=2.

       --no-merges
	   Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is exactly the
	   same as --max-parents=1.

       --min-parents=<number>, --max-parents=<number>, --no-min-parents,
       --no-max-parents
	   Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
	   commits. In particular, --max-parents=1 is the same as --no-merges,
	   --min-parents=2 is the same as --merges.  --max-parents=0 gives all
	   root commits and --min-parents=3 all octopus merges.

	   --no-min-parents and --no-max-parents reset these limits (to no
	   limit) again. Equivalent forms are --min-parents=0 (any commit has
	   0 or more parents) and --max-parents=-1 (negative numbers denote no
	   upper limit).

       --first-parent
	   When finding commits to include, follow only the first parent
	   commit upon seeing a merge commit. This option can give a better
	   overview when viewing the evolution of a particular topic branch,
	   because merges into a topic branch tend to be only about adjusting
	   to updated upstream from time to time, and this option allows you
	   to ignore the individual commits brought in to your history by such
	   a merge.

	   This option also changes default diff format for merge commits to
	   first-parent, see --diff-merges=first-parent for details.

       --exclude-first-parent-only
	   When finding commits to exclude (with a ^), follow only the first
	   parent commit upon seeing a merge commit. This can be used to find
	   the set of changes in a topic branch from the point where it
	   diverged from the remote branch, given that arbitrary merges can be
	   valid topic branch changes.

       --not
	   Reverses the meaning of the ^ prefix (or lack thereof) for all
	   following revision specifiers, up to the next --not.

       --all
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/, along with HEAD, are listed on
	   the command line as <commit>.

       --branches[=<pattern>]
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/heads are listed on the command
	   line as <commit>. If <pattern> is given, limit branches to ones
	   matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the
	   end is implied.

       --tags[=<pattern>]
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/tags are listed on the command
	   line as <commit>. If <pattern> is given, limit tags to ones
	   matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the
	   end is implied.

       --remotes[=<pattern>]
	   Pretend as if all the refs in refs/remotes are listed on the
	   command line as <commit>. If <pattern> is given, limit
	   remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. If
	   pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the end is implied.

       --glob=<glob-pattern>
	   Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <glob-pattern> are
	   listed on the command line as <commit>. Leading refs/, is
	   automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /*
	   at the end is implied.

       --exclude=<glob-pattern>
	   Do not include refs matching <glob-pattern> that the next --all,
	   --branches, --tags, --remotes, or --glob would otherwise consider.
	   Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns up to the
	   next --all, --branches, --tags, --remotes, or --glob option (other
	   options or arguments do not clear accumulated patterns).

	   The patterns given should not begin with refs/heads, refs/tags, or
	   refs/remotes when applied to --branches, --tags, or --remotes,
	   respectively, and they must begin with refs/ when applied to --glob
	   or --all. If a trailing /* is intended, it must be given
	   explicitly.

       --reflog
	   Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
	   command line as <commit>.

       --alternate-refs
	   Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
	   repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
	   repository is any repository whose object directory is specified in
	   objects/info/alternates. The set of included objects may be
	   modified by core.alternateRefsCommand, etc. See git-config(1).

       --single-worktree
	   By default, all working trees will be examined by the following
	   options when there are more than one (see git-worktree(1)): --all,
	   --reflog and --indexed-objects. This option forces them to examine
	   the current working tree only.

       --ignore-missing
	   Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if the
	   bad input was not given.

       --bisect
	   Pretend as if the bad bisection ref refs/bisect/bad was listed and
	   as if it was followed by --not and the good bisection refs
	   refs/bisect/good-* on the command line.

       --stdin
	   In addition to the <commit> listed on the command line, read them
	   from the standard input. If a -- separator is seen, stop reading
	   commits and start reading paths to limit the result.

       --cherry-mark
	   Like --cherry-pick (see below) but mark equivalent commits with =
	   rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with +.

       --cherry-pick
	   Omit any commit that introduces the same change as another commit
	   on the "other side" when the set of commits are limited with
	   symmetric difference.

	   For example, if you have two branches, A and B, a usual way to list
	   all commits on only one side of them is with --left-right (see the
	   example below in the description of the --left-right option).
	   However, it shows the commits that were cherry-picked from the
	   other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked from
	   branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are excluded
	   from the output.

       --left-only, --right-only
	   List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
	   i.e. only those which would be marked < resp.  > by --left-right.

	   For example, --cherry-pick --right-only A...B omits those commits
	   from B which are in A or are patch-equivalent to a commit in A. In
	   other words, this lists the + commits from git cherry A B. More
	   precisely, --cherry-pick --right-only --no-merges gives the exact
	   list.

       --cherry
	   A synonym for --right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges; useful to
	   limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
	   have been applied to the other side of a forked history with git
	   log --cherry upstream...mybranch, similar to git cherry upstream
	   mybranch.

       -g, --walk-reflogs
	   Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk reflog entries
	   from the most recent one to older ones. When this option is used
	   you cannot specify commits to exclude (that is, ^commit,
	   commit1..commit2, and commit1...commit2 notations cannot be used).

	   With --pretty format other than oneline and reference (for obvious
	   reasons), this causes the output to have two extra lines of
	   information taken from the reflog. The reflog designator in the
	   output may be shown as ref@{Nth} (where Nth is the
	   reverse-chronological index in the reflog) or as ref@{timestamp}
	   (with the timestamp for that entry), depending on a few rules:

	    1. If the starting point is specified as ref@{Nth}, show the index
	       format.

	    2. If the starting point was specified as ref@{now}, show the
	       timestamp format.

	    3. If neither was used, but --date was given on the command line,
	       show the timestamp in the format requested by --date.

	    4. Otherwise, show the index format.

	   Under --pretty=oneline, the commit message is prefixed with this
	   information on the same line. This option cannot be combined with
	   --reverse. See also git-reflog(1).

	   Under --pretty=reference, this information will not be shown at
	   all.

       --merge
	   After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a conflict
	   and don't exist on all heads to merge.

       --boundary
	   Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are prefixed
	   with -.

   History Simplification
       Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example
       the commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of
       History Simplification, one part is selecting the commits and the other
       is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the
       history.

       The following options select the commits to be shown:

       <paths>
	   Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.

       --simplify-by-decoration
	   Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.

       Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.

       The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:

       Default mode
	   Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the final
	   state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side branches if
	   the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches with the same
	   content)

       --show-pulls
	   Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge
	   commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are TREESAME
	   to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing the merge
	   commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.

       --full-history
	   Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.

       --dense
	   Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a meaningful
	   history.

       --sparse
	   All commits in the simplified history are shown.

       --simplify-merges
	   Additional option to --full-history to remove some needless merges
	   from the resulting history, as there are no selected commits
	   contributing to this merge.

       --ancestry-path[=<commit>]
	   When given a range of commits to display (e.g.  commit1..commit2 or
	   commit2 ^commit1), only display commits in that range that are
	   ancestors of <commit>, descendants of <commit>, or <commit> itself.
	   If no commit is specified, use commit1 (the excluded part of the
	   range) as <commit>. Can be passed multiple times; if so, a commit
	   is included if it is any of the commits given or if it is an
	   ancestor or descendant of one of them.

       A more detailed explanation follows.

       Suppose you specified foo as the <paths>. We shall call commits that
       modify foo !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff filtered for
       foo, they look different and equal, respectively.)

       In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
       illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume
       that you are filtering for a file foo in this commit graph:

		     .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
		    /	  /   /	  /   /	  /
		   I	 B   C	 D   E	 Y
		    \	/   /	/   /	/
		     `-------------'   X


       The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
       each merge. The commits are:

       o   I is the initial commit, in which foo exists with contents "asdf",
	   and a file quux exists with contents "quux". Initial commits are
	   compared to an empty tree, so I is !TREESAME.

       o   In A, foo contains just "foo".

       o   B contains the same change as A. Its merge M is trivial and hence
	   TREESAME to all parents.

       o   C does not change foo, but its merge N changes it to "foobar", so
	   it is not TREESAME to any parent.

       o   D sets foo to "baz". Its merge O combines the strings from N and D
	   to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.

       o   E changes quux to "xyzzy", and its merge P combines the strings to
	   "quux xyzzy".  P is TREESAME to O, but not to E.

       o   X is an independent root commit that added a new file side, and Y
	   modified it.	 Y is TREESAME to X. Its merge Q added side to P, and
	   Q is TREESAME to P, but not to Y.

       rev-list walks backwards through history, including or excluding
       commits based on whether --full-history and/or parent rewriting (via
       --parents or --children) are used. The following settings are
       available.

       Default mode
	   Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent (though
	   this can be changed, see --sparse below). If the commit was a
	   merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow only that parent.
	   (Even if there are several TREESAME parents, follow only one of
	   them.) Otherwise, follow all parents.

	   This results in:

			 .-A---N---O
			/     /	  /
		       I---------D

	   Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
	   available, removed B from consideration entirely.  C was considered
	   via N, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an empty tree,
	   so I is !TREESAME.

	   Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that
	   does not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have
	   shown the parent lines.

       --full-history without parent rewriting
	   This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow all
	   parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. Even if
	   more than one side of the merge has commits that are included, this
	   does not imply that the merge itself is! In the example, we get

		       I  A  B	N  D  O	 P  Q

	   M was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents.  E, C and B
	   were all walked, but only B was !TREESAME, so the others do not
	   appear.

	   Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to
	   talk about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so
	   we show them disconnected.

       --full-history with parent rewriting
	   Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME (though
	   this can be changed, see --sparse below).

	   Merges are always included. However, their parent list is
	   rewritten: Along each parent, prune away commits that are not
	   included themselves. This results in

			 .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
			/     /	  /   /	  /
		       I     B	 /   D	 /
			\   /	/   /	/
			 `-------------'

	   Compare to --full-history without rewriting above. Note that E was
	   pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
	   rewritten to contain E's parent I. The same happened for C and N,
	   and X, Y and Q.

       In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
       affects inclusion:

       --dense
	   Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME to
	   any parent.

       --sparse
	   All commits that are walked are included.

	   Note that without --full-history, this still simplifies merges: if
	   one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the
	   other sides of the merge are never walked.

       --simplify-merges
	   First, build a history graph in the same way that --full-history
	   with parent rewriting does (see above).

	   Then simplify each commit C to its replacement C' in the final
	   history according to the following rules:

	   o   Set C' to C.

	   o   Replace each parent P of C' with its simplification P'. In the
	       process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or
	       that are root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove
	       duplicates, but take care to never drop all parents that we are
	       TREESAME to.

	   o   If after this parent rewriting, C' is a root or merge commit
	       (has zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it
	       remains. Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.

	   The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
	   --full-history with parent rewriting. The example turns into:

			 .-A---M---N---O
			/     /	      /
		       I     B	     D
			\   /	    /
			 `---------'

	   Note the major differences in N, P, and Q over --full-history:

	   o   N's parent list had I removed, because it is an ancestor of the
	       other parent M. Still, N remained because it is !TREESAME.

	   o   P's parent list similarly had I removed.	 P was then removed
	       completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.

	   o   Q's parent list had Y simplified to X.  X was then removed,
	       because it was a TREESAME root.	Q was then removed completely,
	       because it had one parent and is TREESAME.

       There is another simplification mode available:

       --ancestry-path[=<commit>]
	   Limit the displayed commits to those which are an ancestor of
	   <commit>, or which are a descendant of <commit>, or are <commit>
	   itself.

	   As an example use case, consider the following commit history:

			   D---E-------F
			  /	\	\
			 B---C---G---H---I---J
			/		      \
		       A-------K---------------L--M

	   A regular D..M computes the set of commits that are ancestors of M,
	   but excludes the ones that are ancestors of D. This is useful to
	   see what happened to the history leading to M since D, in the sense
	   that "what does M have that did not exist in D". The result in this
	   example would be all the commits, except A and B (and D itself, of
	   course).

	   When we want to find out what commits in M are contaminated with
	   the bug introduced by D and need fixing, however, we might want to
	   view only the subset of D..M that are actually descendants of D,
	   i.e. excluding C and K. This is exactly what the --ancestry-path
	   option does. Applied to the D..M range, it results in:

			       E-------F
				\	\
				 G---H---I---J
					      \
					       L--M

	   We can also use --ancestry-path=D instead of --ancestry-path which
	   means the same thing when applied to the D..M range but is just
	   more explicit.

	   If we instead are interested in a given topic within this range,
	   and all commits affected by that topic, we may only want to view
	   the subset of D..M which contain that topic in their ancestry path.
	   So, using --ancestry-path=H D..M for example would result in:

			       E
				\
				 G---H---I---J
					      \
					       L--M

	   Whereas --ancestry-path=K D..M would result in

			       K---------------L--M


       Before discussing another option, --show-pulls, we need to create a new
       example history.

       A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that
       a commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file's
       simplified history. Let's demonstrate a new example and show how
       options such as --full-history and --simplify-merges works in that
       case:

		     .-A---M-----C--N---O---P
		    /	  / \  \  \/   /   /
		   I	 B   \	R-'`-Z'	  /
		    \	/     \/	 /
		     \ /      /\	/
		      `---X--'	`---Y--'


       For this example, suppose I created file.txt which was modified by A,
       B, and X in different ways. The single-parent commits C, Z, and Y do
       not change file.txt. The merge commit M was created by resolving the
       merge conflict to include both changes from A and B and hence is not
       TREESAME to either. The merge commit R, however, was created by
       ignoring the contents of file.txt at M and taking only the contents of
       file.txt at X. Hence, R is TREESAME to X but not M. Finally, the
       natural merge resolution to create N is to take the contents of
       file.txt at R, so N is TREESAME to R but not C. The merge commits O and
       P are TREESAME to their first parents, but not to their second parents,
       Z and Y respectively.

       When using the default mode, N and R both have a TREESAME parent, so
       those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting
       history graph is:

		   I---X


       When using --full-history, Git walks every edge. This will discover the
       commits A and B and the merge M, but also will reveal the merge commits
       O and P. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:

		     .-A---M--------N---O---P
		    /	  / \  \  \/   /   /
		   I	 B   \	R-'`--'	  /
		    \	/     \/	 /
		     \ /      /\	/
		      `---X--'	`------'


       Here, the merge commits O and P contribute extra noise, as they did not
       actually contribute a change to file.txt. They only merged a topic that
       was based on an older version of file.txt. This is a common issue in
       repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in parallel
       and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: many unrelated
       merges appear in the --full-history results.

       When using the --simplify-merges option, the commits O and P disappear
       from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents of O and
       P are reachable from their first parents. Those edges are removed and
       then the commits look like single-parent commits that are TREESAME to
       their parent. This also happens to the commit N, resulting in a history
       view as follows:

		     .-A---M--.
		    /	  /    \
		   I	 B	R
		    \	/      /
		     \ /      /
		      `---X--'


       In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from A,
       B, and X. We also see the carefully-resolved merge M and the
       not-so-carefully-resolved merge R. This is usually enough information
       to determine why the commits A and B "disappeared" from history in the
       default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.

       The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the
       --simplify-merges option requires walking the entire commit history
       before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to
       use for very large repositories.

       The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working
       on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced
       a change into an important branch. The problematic merge R above is not
       likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an important
       branch. Instead, the merge N was used to merge R and X into the
       important branch. This commit may have information about why the change
       X came to override the changes from A and B in its commit message.

       --show-pulls
	   In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show each
	   merge commit that is not TREESAME to its first parent but is
	   TREESAME to a later parent.

	   When a merge commit is included by --show-pulls, the merge is
	   treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When
	   using --show-pulls on this example (and no other options) the
	   resulting graph is:

		       I---X---R---N

	   Here, the merge commits R and N are included because they pulled
	   the commits X and R into the base branch, respectively. These
	   merges are the reason the commits A and B do not appear in the
	   default history.

	   When --show-pulls is paired with --simplify-merges, the graph
	   includes all of the necessary information:

			 .-A---M--.   N
			/     /	   \ /
		       I     B	    R
			\   /	   /
			 \ /	  /
			  `---X--'

	   Notice that since M is reachable from R, the edge from N to M was
	   simplified away. However, N still appears in the history as an
	   important commit because it "pulled" the change R into the main
	   branch.

       The --simplify-by-decoration option allows you to view only the big
       picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits that are
       not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME (in other
       words, kept after history simplification rules described above) if (1)
       they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the contents of the
       paths given on the command line. All other commits are marked as
       TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).

   Commit Ordering
       By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.

       --date-order
	   Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but otherwise
	   show commits in the commit timestamp order.

       --author-date-order
	   Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but otherwise
	   show commits in the author timestamp order.

       --topo-order
	   Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and avoid
	   showing commits on multiple lines of history intermixed.

	   For example, in a commit history like this:

		   ---1----2----4----7
		       \	      \
			3----5----6----8---

	   where the numbers denote the order of commit timestamps, git
	   rev-list and friends with --date-order show the commits in the
	   timestamp order: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.

	   With --topo-order, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5
	   3 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to
	   avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed
	   together.

       --reverse
	   Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting section
	   above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with --walk-reflogs.

   Object Traversal
       These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories.

       --no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]
	   Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors.
	   This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument
	   unsorted is given, the commits are shown in the order they were
	   given on the command line. Otherwise (if sorted or no argument was
	   given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order by
	   commit time. Cannot be combined with --graph.

       --do-walk
	   Overrides a previous --no-walk.

   Commit Formatting
       --pretty[=<format>], --format=<format>
	   Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
	   where <format> can be one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller,
	   reference, email, raw, format:<string> and tformat:<string>. When
	   <format> is none of the above, and has %placeholder in it, it acts
	   as if --pretty=tformat:<format> were given.

	   See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for
	   each format. When =<format> part is omitted, it defaults to medium.

	   Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
	   configuration (see git-config(1)).

       --abbrev-commit
	   Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name,
	   show a prefix that names the object uniquely. "--abbrev=<n>" (which
	   also modifies diff output, if it is displayed) option can be used
	   to specify the minimum length of the prefix.

	   This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
	   people using 80-column terminals.

       --no-abbrev-commit
	   Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
	   --abbrev-commit, either explicit or implied by other options such
	   as "--oneline". It also overrides the log.abbrevCommit variable.

       --oneline
	   This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" used
	   together.

       --encoding=<encoding>
	   Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log
	   message in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell
	   the command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
	   preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to
	   UTF-8. Note that if an object claims to be encoded in X and we are
	   outputting in X, we will output the object verbatim; this means
	   that invalid sequences in the original commit may be copied to the
	   output. Likewise, if iconv(3) fails to convert the commit, we will
	   quietly output the original object verbatim.

       --expand-tabs=<n>, --expand-tabs, --no-expand-tabs
	   Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces to
	   fill to the next display column that is multiple of <n>) in the log
	   message before showing it in the output.  --expand-tabs is a
	   short-hand for --expand-tabs=8, and --no-expand-tabs is a
	   short-hand for --expand-tabs=0, which disables tab expansion.

	   By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log
	   message by 4 spaces (i.e.  medium, which is the default, full, and
	   fuller).

       --notes[=<ref>]
	   Show the notes (see git-notes(1)) that annotate the commit, when
	   showing the commit log message. This is the default for git log,
	   git show and git whatchanged commands when there is no --pretty,
	   --format, or --oneline option given on the command line.

	   By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the
	   core.notesRef and notes.displayRef variables (or corresponding
	   environment overrides). See git-config(1) for more details.

	   With an optional <ref> argument, use the ref to find the notes to
	   display. The ref can specify the full refname when it begins with
	   refs/notes/; when it begins with notes/, refs/ and otherwise
	   refs/notes/ is prefixed to form a full name of the ref.

	   Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are
	   being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from
	   "refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both notes from
	   "refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).

       --no-notes
	   Do not show notes. This negates the above --notes option, by
	   resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown.
	   Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g.
	   "--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes
	   from "refs/notes/bar".

       --show-notes[=<ref>], --[no-]standard-notes
	   These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes
	   options instead.

       --show-signature
	   Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the
	   signature to gpg --verify and show the output.

       --relative-date
	   Synonym for --date=relative.

       --date=<format>
	   Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such as
	   when using --pretty.	 log.date config variable sets a default value
	   for the log command's --date option. By default, dates are shown in
	   the original time zone (either committer's or author's). If -local
	   is appended to the format (e.g., iso-local), the user's local time
	   zone is used instead.

	   --date=relative shows dates relative to the current time, e.g. "2
	   hours ago". The -local option has no effect for --date=relative.

	   --date=local is an alias for --date=default-local.

	   --date=iso (or --date=iso8601) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like
	   format. The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are:

	   o   a space instead of the T date/time delimiter

	   o   a space between time and time zone

	   o   no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone

	   --date=iso-strict (or --date=iso8601-strict) shows timestamps in
	   strict ISO 8601 format.

	   --date=rfc (or --date=rfc2822) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 format,
	   often found in email messages.

	   --date=short shows only the date, but not the time, in YYYY-MM-DD
	   format.

	   --date=raw shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01
	   00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an
	   offset from UTC (a + or - with four digits; the first two are
	   hours, and the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp
	   were formatted with strftime("%s %z")). Note that the -local option
	   does not affect the seconds-since-epoch value (which is always
	   measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying timezone value.

	   --date=human shows the timezone if the timezone does not match the
	   current time-zone, and doesn't print the whole date if that matches
	   (ie skip printing year for dates that are "this year", but also
	   skip the whole date itself if it's in the last few days and we can
	   just say what weekday it was). For older dates the hour and minute
	   is also omitted.

	   --date=unix shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since
	   1970). As with --raw, this is always in UTC and therefore -local
	   has no effect.

	   --date=format:...  feeds the format ...  to your system strftime,
	   except for %s, %z, and %Z, which are handled internally. Use
	   --date=format:%c to show the date in your system locale's preferred
	   format. See the strftime manual for a complete list of format
	   placeholders. When using -local, the correct syntax is
	   --date=format-local:....

	   --date=default is the default format, and is similar to
	   --date=rfc2822, with a few exceptions:

	   o   there is no comma after the day-of-week

	   o   the time zone is omitted when the local time zone is used

       --parents
	   Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit
	   parent..."). Also enables parent rewriting, see History
	   Simplification above.

       --children
	   Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit
	   child..."). Also enables parent rewriting, see History
	   Simplification above.

       --left-right
	   Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable
	   from. Commits from the left side are prefixed with < and those from
	   the right with >. If combined with --boundary, those commits are
	   prefixed with -.

	   For example, if you have this topology:

			    y---b---b  branch B
			   / \ /
			  /   .
			 /   / \
			o---x---a---a  branch A

	   you would get an output like this:

		       $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B

		       >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
		       >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
		       <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
		       <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
		       -yyyyyyy... 1st on b
		       -xxxxxxx... 1st on a


       --graph
	   Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history on
	   the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines to be
	   printed in between commits, in order for the graph history to be
	   drawn properly. Cannot be combined with --no-walk.

	   This enables parent rewriting, see History Simplification above.

	   This implies the --topo-order option by default, but the
	   --date-order option may also be specified.

       --show-linear-break[=<barrier>]
	   When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened which
	   can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits do not
	   belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier in between
	   them in that case. If <barrier> is specified, it is the string that
	   will be shown instead of the default one.

PRETTY FORMATS
       If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline,
       email or raw, an additional line is inserted before the Author: line.
       This line begins with "Merge: " and the hashes of ancestral commits are
       printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
       necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have
       limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested
       in changes related to a certain directory or file.

       There are several built-in formats, and you can define additional
       formats by setting a pretty.<name> config option to either another
       format name, or a format: string, as described below (see git-
       config(1)). Here are the details of the built-in formats:

       o   oneline

	       <hash> <title-line>

	   This is designed to be as compact as possible.

       o   short

	       commit <hash>
	       Author: <author>

	       <title-line>

       o   medium

	       commit <hash>
	       Author: <author>
	       Date:   <author-date>

	       <title-line>

	       <full-commit-message>

       o   full

	       commit <hash>
	       Author: <author>
	       Commit: <committer>

	       <title-line>

	       <full-commit-message>

       o   fuller

	       commit <hash>
	       Author:	   <author>
	       AuthorDate: <author-date>
	       Commit:	   <committer>
	       CommitDate: <committer-date>

	       <title-line>

	       <full-commit-message>

       o   reference

	       <abbrev-hash> (<title-line>, <short-author-date>)

	   This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message
	   and is the same as --pretty='format:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)'. By
	   default, the date is formatted with --date=short unless another
	   --date option is explicitly specified. As with any format: with
	   format placeholders, its output is not affected by other options
	   like --decorate and --walk-reflogs.

       o   email

	       From <hash> <date>
	       From: <author>
	       Date: <author-date>
	       Subject: [PATCH] <title-line>

	       <full-commit-message>

       o   mboxrd

	   Like email, but lines in the commit message starting with "From "
	   (preceded by zero or more ">") are quoted with ">" so they aren't
	   confused as starting a new commit.

       o   raw

	   The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the
	   commit object. Notably, the hashes are displayed in full,
	   regardless of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and parents
	   information show the true parent commits, without taking grafts or
	   history simplification into account. Note that this format affects
	   the way commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown
	   e.g. with git log --raw. To get full object names in a raw diff
	   format, use --no-abbrev.

       o   format:<format-string>

	   The format:<format-string> format allows you to specify which
	   information you want to show. It works a little bit like printf
	   format, with the notable exception that you get a newline with %n
	   instead of \n.

	   E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"
	   would show something like this:

	       The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
	       The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<

	   The placeholders are:

	   o   Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:

	       %n
		   newline

	       %%
		   a raw %

	       %x00
		   print a byte from a hex code

	   o   Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:

	       %Cred
		   switch color to red

	       %Cgreen
		   switch color to green

	       %Cblue
		   switch color to blue

	       %Creset
		   reset color

	       %C(...)
		   color specification, as described under Values in the
		   "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of git-config(1). By default,
		   colors are shown only when enabled for log output (by
		   color.diff, color.ui, or --color, and respecting the auto
		   settings of the former if we are going to a terminal).
		   %C(auto,...)	 is accepted as a historical synonym for the
		   default (e.g., %C(auto,red)). Specifying %C(always,...)
		   will show the colors even when color is not otherwise
		   enabled (though consider just using --color=always to
		   enable color for the whole output, including this format
		   and anything else git might color).	auto alone (i.e.
		   %C(auto)) will turn on auto coloring on the next
		   placeholders until the color is switched again.

	       %m
		   left (<), right (>) or boundary (-) mark

	       %w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])
		   switch line wrapping, like the -w option of git-
		   shortlog(1).

	       %<(<N>[,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])
		   make the next placeholder take at least N columns, padding
		   spaces on the right if necessary. Optionally truncate at
		   the beginning (ltrunc), the middle (mtrunc) or the end
		   (trunc) if the output is longer than N columns. Note that
		   truncating only works correctly with N >= 2.

	       %<|(<N>)
		   make the next placeholder take at least until Nth columns,
		   padding spaces on the right if necessary

	       %>(<N>), %>|(<N>)
		   similar to %<(<N>), %<|(<N>) respectively, but padding
		   spaces on the left

	       %>>(<N>), %>>|(<N>)
		   similar to %>(<N>), %>|(<N>) respectively, except that if
		   the next placeholder takes more spaces than given and there
		   are spaces on its left, use those spaces

	       %><(<N>), %><|(<N>)
		   similar to %<(<N>), %<|(<N>) respectively, but padding both
		   sides (i.e. the text is centered)

	   o   Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the
	       commit:

	       %H
		   commit hash

	       %h
		   abbreviated commit hash

	       %T
		   tree hash

	       %t
		   abbreviated tree hash

	       %P
		   parent hashes

	       %p
		   abbreviated parent hashes

	       %an
		   author name

	       %aN
		   author name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
		   git-blame(1))

	       %ae
		   author email

	       %aE
		   author email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
		   git-blame(1))

	       %al
		   author email local-part (the part before the @ sign)

	       %aL
		   author local-part (see %al) respecting .mailmap, see git-
		   shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

	       %ad
		   author date (format respects --date= option)

	       %aD
		   author date, RFC2822 style

	       %ar
		   author date, relative

	       %at
		   author date, UNIX timestamp

	       %ai
		   author date, ISO 8601-like format

	       %aI
		   author date, strict ISO 8601 format

	       %as
		   author date, short format (YYYY-MM-DD)

	       %ah
		   author date, human style (like the --date=human option of
		   git-rev-list(1))

	       %cn
		   committer name

	       %cN
		   committer name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
		   git-blame(1))

	       %ce
		   committer email

	       %cE
		   committer email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
		   or git-blame(1))

	       %cl
		   committer email local-part (the part before the @ sign)

	       %cL
		   committer local-part (see %cl) respecting .mailmap, see
		   git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

	       %cd
		   committer date (format respects --date= option)

	       %cD
		   committer date, RFC2822 style

	       %cr
		   committer date, relative

	       %ct
		   committer date, UNIX timestamp

	       %ci
		   committer date, ISO 8601-like format

	       %cI
		   committer date, strict ISO 8601 format

	       %cs
		   committer date, short format (YYYY-MM-DD)

	       %ch
		   committer date, human style (like the --date=human option
		   of git-rev-list(1))

	       %d
		   ref names, like the --decorate option of git-log(1)

	       %D
		   ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping.

	       %(describe[:options])
		   human-readable name, like git-describe(1); empty string for
		   undescribable commits. The describe string may be followed
		   by a colon and zero or more comma-separated options.
		   Descriptions can be inconsistent when tags are added or
		   removed at the same time.

		   o   tags[=<bool-value>]: Instead of only considering
		       annotated tags, consider lightweight tags as well.

		   o   abbrev=<number>: Instead of using the default number of
		       hexadecimal digits (which will vary according to the
		       number of objects in the repository with a default of
		       7) of the abbreviated object name, use <number> digits,
		       or as many digits as needed to form a unique object
		       name.

		   o   match=<pattern>: Only consider tags matching the given
		       glob(7) pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.

		   o   exclude=<pattern>: Do not consider tags matching the
		       given glob(7) pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/"
		       prefix.

	       %S
		   ref name given on the command line by which the commit was
		   reached (like git log --source), only works with git log

	       %e
		   encoding

	       %s
		   subject

	       %f
		   sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename

	       %b
		   body

	       %B
		   raw body (unwrapped subject and body)

	       %N
		   commit notes

	       %GG
		   raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit

	       %G?
		   show "G" for a good (valid) signature, "B" for a bad
		   signature, "U" for a good signature with unknown validity,
		   "X" for a good signature that has expired, "Y" for a good
		   signature made by an expired key, "R" for a good signature
		   made by a revoked key, "E" if the signature cannot be
		   checked (e.g. missing key) and "N" for no signature

	       %GS
		   show the name of the signer for a signed commit

	       %GK
		   show the key used to sign a signed commit

	       %GF
		   show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed
		   commit

	       %GP
		   show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was
		   used to sign a signed commit

	       %GT
		   show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed
		   commit

	       %gD
		   reflog selector, e.g., refs/stash@{1} or refs/stash@{2
		   minutes ago}; the format follows the rules described for
		   the -g option. The portion before the @ is the refname as
		   given on the command line (so git log -g refs/heads/master
		   would yield refs/heads/master@{0}).

	       %gd
		   shortened reflog selector; same as %gD, but the refname
		   portion is shortened for human readability (so
		   refs/heads/master becomes just master).

	       %gn
		   reflog identity name

	       %gN
		   reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see git-
		   shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

	       %ge
		   reflog identity email

	       %gE
		   reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see git-
		   shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))

	       %gs
		   reflog subject

	       %(trailers[:options])
		   display the trailers of the body as interpreted by git-
		   interpret-trailers(1). The trailers string may be followed
		   by a colon and zero or more comma-separated options. If any
		   option is provided multiple times the last occurrence wins.

		   o   key=<key>: only show trailers with specified <key>.
		       Matching is done case-insensitively and trailing colon
		       is optional. If option is given multiple times trailer
		       lines matching any of the keys are shown. This option
		       automatically enables the only option so that
		       non-trailer lines in the trailer block are hidden. If
		       that is not desired it can be disabled with only=false.
		       E.g., %(trailers:key=Reviewed-by) shows trailer lines
		       with key Reviewed-by.

		   o   only[=<bool>]: select whether non-trailer lines from
		       the trailer block should be included.

		   o   separator=<sep>: specify a separator inserted between
		       trailer lines. When this option is not given each
		       trailer line is terminated with a line feed character.
		       The string <sep> may contain the literal formatting
		       codes described above. To use comma as separator one
		       must use %x2C as it would otherwise be parsed as next
		       option. E.g., %(trailers:key=Ticket,separator=%x2C )
		       shows all trailer lines whose key is "Ticket" separated
		       by a comma and a space.

		   o   unfold[=<bool>]: make it behave as if
		       interpret-trailer's --unfold option was given. E.g.,
		       %(trailers:only,unfold=true) unfolds and shows all
		       trailer lines.

		   o   keyonly[=<bool>]: only show the key part of the
		       trailer.

		   o   valueonly[=<bool>]: only show the value part of the
		       trailer.

		   o   key_value_separator=<sep>: specify a separator inserted
		       between trailer lines. When this option is not given
		       each trailer key-value pair is separated by ": ".
		       Otherwise it shares the same semantics as
		       separator=<sep> above.

	   Note
	   Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision
	   traversal engine. For example, the %g* reflog options will insert
	   an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
	   git log -g). The %d and %D placeholders will use the "short"
	   decoration format if --decorate was not already provided on the
	   command line.

       The boolean options accept an optional value [=<bool-value>]. The
       values true, false, on, off etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean"
       sub-section in "EXAMPLES" in git-config(1). If a boolean option is
       given with no value, it's enabled.

       If you add a + (plus sign) after % of a placeholder, a line-feed is
       inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
       placeholder expands to a non-empty string.

       If you add a - (minus sign) after % of a placeholder, all consecutive
       line-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only
       if the placeholder expands to an empty string.

       If you add a ` ` (space) after % of a placeholder, a space is inserted
       immediately before the expansion if and only if the placeholder expands
       to a non-empty string.

       o   tformat:

	   The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it
	   provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics.
	   In other words, each commit has the message terminator character
	   (usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed
	   between entries. This means that the final entry of a single-line
	   format will be properly terminated with a new line, just as the
	   "oneline" format does. For example:

	       $ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
		 | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
	       4da45be
	       7134973 -- NO NEWLINE

	       $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
		 | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
	       4da45be
	       7134973

	   In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is
	   interpreted as if it has tformat: in front of it. For example,
	   these two are equivalent:

	       $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
	       $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef


DIFF FORMATTING
       By default, git log does not generate any diff output. The options
       below can be used to show the changes made by each commit.

       Note that unless one of --diff-merges variants (including short -m, -c,
       and --cc options) is explicitly given, merge commits will not show a
       diff, even if a diff format like --patch is selected, nor will they
       match search options like -S. The exception is when --first-parent is
       in use, in which case first-parent is the default format.

       -p, -u, --patch
	   Generate patch (see section on generating patches).

       -s, --no-patch
	   Suppress diff output. Useful for commands like git show that show
	   the patch by default, or to cancel the effect of --patch.

       --diff-merges=(off|none|on|first-parent|1|separate|m|combined|c|dense-combined|cc|remerge|r),
       --no-diff-merges
	   Specify diff format to be used for merge commits. Default is off
	   unless --first-parent is in use, in which case first-parent is the
	   default.

	   --diff-merges=(off|none), --no-diff-merges
	       Disable output of diffs for merge commits. Useful to override
	       implied value.

	   --diff-merges=on, --diff-merges=m, -m
	       This option makes diff output for merge commits to be shown in
	       the default format.  -m will produce the output only if -p is
	       given as well. The default format could be changed using
	       log.diffMerges configuration parameter, which default value is
	       separate.

	   --diff-merges=first-parent, --diff-merges=1
	       This option makes merge commits show the full diff with respect
	       to the first parent only.

	   --diff-merges=separate
	       This makes merge commits show the full diff with respect to
	       each of the parents. Separate log entry and diff is generated
	       for each parent.

	   --diff-merges=remerge, --diff-merges=r, --remerge-diff
	       With this option, two-parent merge commits are remerged to
	       create a temporary tree object -- potentially containing files
	       with conflict markers and such. A diff is then shown between
	       that temporary tree and the actual merge commit.

	       The output emitted when this option is used is subject to
	       change, and so is its interaction with other options (unless
	       explicitly documented).

	   --diff-merges=combined, --diff-merges=c, -c
	       With this option, diff output for a merge commit shows the
	       differences from each of the parents to the merge result
	       simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a
	       parent and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only
	       files which were modified from all parents.  -c implies -p.

	   --diff-merges=dense-combined, --diff-merges=cc, --cc
	       With this option the output produced by --diff-merges=combined
	       is further compressed by omitting uninteresting hunks whose
	       contents in the parents have only two variants and the merge
	       result picks one of them without modification.  --cc implies
	       -p.

       --combined-all-paths
	   This flag causes combined diffs (used for merge commits) to list
	   the name of the file from all parents. It thus only has effect when
	   --diff-merges=[dense-]combined is in use, and is likely only useful
	   if filename changes are detected (i.e. when either rename or copy
	   detection have been requested).

       -U<n>, --unified=<n>
	   Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of the usual
	   three. Implies --patch.

       --output=<file>
	   Output to a specific file instead of stdout.

       --output-indicator-new=<char>, --output-indicator-old=<char>,
       --output-indicator-context=<char>
	   Specify the character used to indicate new, old or context lines in
	   the generated patch. Normally they are +, - and ' ' respectively.

       --raw
	   For each commit, show a summary of changes using the raw diff
	   format. See the "RAW OUTPUT FORMAT" section of git-diff(1). This is
	   different from showing the log itself in raw format, which you can
	   achieve with --format=raw.

       --patch-with-raw
	   Synonym for -p --raw.

       -t
	   Show the tree objects in the diff output.

       --indent-heuristic
	   Enable the heuristic that shifts diff hunk boundaries to make
	   patches easier to read. This is the default.

       --no-indent-heuristic
	   Disable the indent heuristic.

       --minimal
	   Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is
	   produced.

       --patience
	   Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.

       --histogram
	   Generate a diff using the "histogram diff" algorithm.

       --anchored=<text>
	   Generate a diff using the "anchored diff" algorithm.

	   This option may be specified more than once.

	   If a line exists in both the source and destination, exists only
	   once, and starts with this text, this algorithm attempts to prevent
	   it from appearing as a deletion or addition in the output. It uses
	   the "patience diff" algorithm internally.

       --diff-algorithm={patience|minimal|histogram|myers}
	   Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as follows:

	   default, myers
	       The basic greedy diff algorithm. Currently, this is the
	       default.

	   minimal
	       Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is
	       produced.

	   patience
	       Use "patience diff" algorithm when generating patches.

	   histogram
	       This algorithm extends the patience algorithm to "support
	       low-occurrence common elements".

	   For instance, if you configured the diff.algorithm variable to a
	   non-default value and want to use the default one, then you have to
	   use --diff-algorithm=default option.

       --stat[=<width>[,<name-width>[,<count>]]]
	   Generate a diffstat. By default, as much space as necessary will be
	   used for the filename part, and the rest for the graph part.
	   Maximum width defaults to terminal width, or 80 columns if not
	   connected to a terminal, and can be overridden by <width>. The
	   width of the filename part can be limited by giving another width
	   <name-width> after a comma. The width of the graph part can be
	   limited by using --stat-graph-width=<width> (affects all commands
	   generating a stat graph) or by setting diff.statGraphWidth=<width>
	   (does not affect git format-patch). By giving a third parameter
	   <count>, you can limit the output to the first <count> lines,
	   followed by ...  if there are more.

	   These parameters can also be set individually with
	   --stat-width=<width>, --stat-name-width=<name-width> and
	   --stat-count=<count>.

       --compact-summary
	   Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as
	   file creations or deletions ("new" or "gone", optionally "+l" if
	   it's a symlink) and mode changes ("+x" or "-x" for adding or
	   removing executable bit respectively) in diffstat. The information
	   is put between the filename part and the graph part. Implies
	   --stat.

       --numstat
	   Similar to --stat, but shows number of added and deleted lines in
	   decimal notation and pathname without abbreviation, to make it more
	   machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two - instead of saying
	   0 0.

       --shortstat
	   Output only the last line of the --stat format containing total
	   number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted
	   lines.

       -X[<param1,param2,...>], --dirstat[=<param1,param2,...>]
	   Output the distribution of relative amount of changes for each
	   sub-directory. The behavior of --dirstat can be customized by
	   passing it a comma separated list of parameters. The defaults are
	   controlled by the diff.dirstat configuration variable (see git-
	   config(1)). The following parameters are available:

	   changes
	       Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have
	       been removed from the source, or added to the destination. This
	       ignores the amount of pure code movements within a file. In
	       other words, rearranging lines in a file is not counted as much
	       as other changes. This is the default behavior when no
	       parameter is given.

	   lines
	       Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the regular line-based
	       diff analysis, and summing the removed/added line counts. (For
	       binary files, count 64-byte chunks instead, since binary files
	       have no natural concept of lines). This is a more expensive
	       --dirstat behavior than the changes behavior, but it does count
	       rearranged lines within a file as much as other changes. The
	       resulting output is consistent with what you get from the other
	       --*stat options.

	   files
	       Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the number of files
	       changed. Each changed file counts equally in the dirstat
	       analysis. This is the computationally cheapest --dirstat
	       behavior, since it does not have to look at the file contents
	       at all.

	   cumulative
	       Count changes in a child directory for the parent directory as
	       well. Note that when using cumulative, the sum of the
	       percentages reported may exceed 100%. The default
	       (non-cumulative) behavior can be specified with the
	       noncumulative parameter.

	   <limit>
	       An integer parameter specifies a cut-off percent (3% by
	       default). Directories contributing less than this percentage of
	       the changes are not shown in the output.

	   Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring
	   directories with less than 10% of the total amount of changed
	   files, and accumulating child directory counts in the parent
	   directories: --dirstat=files,10,cumulative.

       --cumulative
	   Synonym for --dirstat=cumulative

       --dirstat-by-file[=<param1,param2>...]
	   Synonym for --dirstat=files,param1,param2...

       --summary
	   Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as
	   creations, renames and mode changes.

       --patch-with-stat
	   Synonym for -p --stat.

       -z
	   Separate the commits with NULs instead of with new newlines.

	   Also, when --raw or --numstat has been given, do not munge
	   pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators.

	   Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted
	   as explained for the configuration variable core.quotePath (see
	   git-config(1)).

       --name-only
	   Show only names of changed files. The file names are often encoded
	   in UTF-8. For more information see the discussion about encoding in
	   the git-log(1) manual page.

       --name-status
	   Show only names and status of changed files. See the description of
	   the --diff-filter option on what the status letters mean. Just like
	   --name-only the file names are often encoded in UTF-8.

       --submodule[=<format>]
	   Specify how differences in submodules are shown. When specifying
	   --submodule=short the short format is used. This format just shows
	   the names of the commits at the beginning and end of the range.
	   When --submodule or --submodule=log is specified, the log format is
	   used. This format lists the commits in the range like git-
	   submodule(1)summary does. When --submodule=diff is specified, the
	   diff format is used. This format shows an inline diff of the
	   changes in the submodule contents between the commit range.
	   Defaults to diff.submodule or the short format if the config option
	   is unset.

       --color[=<when>]
	   Show colored diff.  --color (i.e. without =<when>) is the same as
	   --color=always.  <when> can be one of always, never, or auto.

       --no-color
	   Turn off colored diff. It is the same as --color=never.

       --color-moved[=<mode>]
	   Moved lines of code are colored differently. The <mode> defaults to
	   no if the option is not given and to zebra if the option with no
	   mode is given. The mode must be one of:

	   no
	       Moved lines are not highlighted.

	   default
	       Is a synonym for zebra. This may change to a more sensible mode
	       in the future.

	   plain
	       Any line that is added in one location and was removed in
	       another location will be colored with color.diff.newMoved.
	       Similarly color.diff.oldMoved will be used for removed lines
	       that are added somewhere else in the diff. This mode picks up
	       any moved line, but it is not very useful in a review to
	       determine if a block of code was moved without permutation.

	   blocks
	       Blocks of moved text of at least 20 alphanumeric characters are
	       detected greedily. The detected blocks are painted using either
	       the color.diff.{old,new}Moved color. Adjacent blocks cannot be
	       told apart.

	   zebra
	       Blocks of moved text are detected as in blocks mode. The blocks
	       are painted using either the color.diff.{old,new}Moved color or
	       color.diff.{old,new}MovedAlternative. The change between the
	       two colors indicates that a new block was detected.

	   dimmed-zebra
	       Similar to zebra, but additional dimming of uninteresting parts
	       of moved code is performed. The bordering lines of two adjacent
	       blocks are considered interesting, the rest is uninteresting.
	       dimmed_zebra is a deprecated synonym.

       --no-color-moved
	   Turn off move detection. This can be used to override configuration
	   settings. It is the same as --color-moved=no.

       --color-moved-ws=<modes>
	   This configures how whitespace is ignored when performing the move
	   detection for --color-moved. These modes can be given as a comma
	   separated list:

	   no
	       Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection.

	   ignore-space-at-eol
	       Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.

	   ignore-space-change
	       Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace
	       at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or more
	       whitespace characters to be equivalent.

	   ignore-all-space
	       Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores
	       differences even if one line has whitespace where the other
	       line has none.

	   allow-indentation-change
	       Initially ignore any whitespace in the move detection, then
	       group the moved code blocks only into a block if the change in
	       whitespace is the same per line. This is incompatible with the
	       other modes.

       --no-color-moved-ws
	   Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection. This can
	   be used to override configuration settings. It is the same as
	   --color-moved-ws=no.

       --word-diff[=<mode>]
	   Show a word diff, using the <mode> to delimit changed words. By
	   default, words are delimited by whitespace; see --word-diff-regex
	   below. The <mode> defaults to plain, and must be one of:

	   color
	       Highlight changed words using only colors. Implies --color.

	   plain
	       Show words as [-removed-] and {+added+}. Makes no attempts to
	       escape the delimiters if they appear in the input, so the
	       output may be ambiguous.

	   porcelain
	       Use a special line-based format intended for script
	       consumption. Added/removed/unchanged runs are printed in the
	       usual unified diff format, starting with a +/-/` ` character at
	       the beginning of the line and extending to the end of the line.
	       Newlines in the input are represented by a tilde ~ on a line of
	       its own.

	   none
	       Disable word diff again.

	   Note that despite the name of the first mode, color is used to
	   highlight the changed parts in all modes if enabled.

       --word-diff-regex=<regex>
	   Use <regex> to decide what a word is, instead of considering runs
	   of non-whitespace to be a word. Also implies --word-diff unless it
	   was already enabled.

	   Every non-overlapping match of the <regex> is considered a word.
	   Anything between these matches is considered whitespace and
	   ignored(!) for the purposes of finding differences. You may want to
	   append |[^[:space:]] to your regular expression to make sure that
	   it matches all non-whitespace characters. A match that contains a
	   newline is silently truncated(!) at the newline.

	   For example, --word-diff-regex=.  will treat each character as a
	   word and, correspondingly, show differences character by character.

	   The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration
	   option, see gitattributes(5) or git-config(1). Giving it explicitly
	   overrides any diff driver or configuration setting. Diff drivers
	   override configuration settings.

       --color-words[=<regex>]
	   Equivalent to --word-diff=color plus (if a regex was specified)
	   --word-diff-regex=<regex>.

       --no-renames
	   Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration file gives
	   the default to do so.

       --[no-]rename-empty
	   Whether to use empty blobs as rename source.

       --check
	   Warn if changes introduce conflict markers or whitespace errors.
	   What are considered whitespace errors is controlled by
	   core.whitespace configuration. By default, trailing whitespaces
	   (including lines that consist solely of whitespaces) and a space
	   character that is immediately followed by a tab character inside
	   the initial indent of the line are considered whitespace errors.
	   Exits with non-zero status if problems are found. Not compatible
	   with --exit-code.

       --ws-error-highlight=<kind>
	   Highlight whitespace errors in the context, old or new lines of the
	   diff. Multiple values are separated by comma, none resets previous
	   values, default reset the list to new and all is a shorthand for
	   old,new,context. When this option is not given, and the
	   configuration variable diff.wsErrorHighlight is not set, only
	   whitespace errors in new lines are highlighted. The whitespace
	   errors are colored with color.diff.whitespace.

       --full-index
	   Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full pre- and
	   post-image blob object names on the "index" line when generating
	   patch format output.

       --binary
	   In addition to --full-index, output a binary diff that can be
	   applied with git-apply. Implies --patch.

       --abbrev[=<n>]
	   Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object name in
	   diff-raw format output and diff-tree header lines, show the
	   shortest prefix that is at least <n> hexdigits long that uniquely
	   refers the object. In diff-patch output format, --full-index takes
	   higher precedence, i.e. if --full-index is specified, full blob
	   names will be shown regardless of --abbrev. Non default number of
	   digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>.

       -B[<n>][/<m>], --break-rewrites[=[<n>][/<m>]]
	   Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create.
	   This serves two purposes:

	   It affects the way a change that amounts to a total rewrite of a
	   file not as a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with
	   a very few lines that happen to match textually as the context, but
	   as a single deletion of everything old followed by a single
	   insertion of everything new, and the number m controls this aspect
	   of the -B option (defaults to 60%).	-B/70% specifies that less
	   than 30% of the original should remain in the result for Git to
	   consider it a total rewrite (i.e. otherwise the resulting patch
	   will be a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with
	   context lines).

	   When used with -M, a totally-rewritten file is also considered as
	   the source of a rename (usually -M only considers a file that
	   disappeared as the source of a rename), and the number n controls
	   this aspect of the -B option (defaults to 50%).  -B20% specifies
	   that a change with addition and deletion compared to 20% or more of
	   the file's size are eligible for being picked up as a possible
	   source of a rename to another file.

       -M[<n>], --find-renames[=<n>]
	   If generating diffs, detect and report renames for each commit. For
	   following files across renames while traversing history, see
	   --follow. If n is specified, it is a threshold on the similarity
	   index (i.e. amount of addition/deletions compared to the file's
	   size). For example, -M90% means Git should consider a delete/add
	   pair to be a rename if more than 90% of the file hasn't changed.
	   Without a % sign, the number is to be read as a fraction, with a
	   decimal point before it. I.e., -M5 becomes 0.5, and is thus the
	   same as -M50%. Similarly, -M05 is the same as -M5%. To limit
	   detection to exact renames, use -M100%. The default similarity
	   index is 50%.

       -C[<n>], --find-copies[=<n>]
	   Detect copies as well as renames. See also --find-copies-harder. If
	   n is specified, it has the same meaning as for -M<n>.

       --find-copies-harder
	   For performance reasons, by default, -C option finds copies only if
	   the original file of the copy was modified in the same changeset.
	   This flag makes the command inspect unmodified files as candidates
	   for the source of copy. This is a very expensive operation for
	   large projects, so use it with caution. Giving more than one -C
	   option has the same effect.

       -D, --irreversible-delete
	   Omit the preimage for deletes, i.e. print only the header but not
	   the diff between the preimage and /dev/null. The resulting patch is
	   not meant to be applied with patch or git apply; this is solely for
	   people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the text after the
	   change. In addition, the output obviously lacks enough information
	   to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually, hence the name of
	   the option.

	   When used together with -B, omit also the preimage in the deletion
	   part of a delete/create pair.

       -l<num>
	   The -M and -C options involve some preliminary steps that can
	   detect subsets of renames/copies cheaply, followed by an exhaustive
	   fallback portion that compares all remaining unpaired destinations
	   to all relevant sources. (For renames, only remaining unpaired
	   sources are relevant; for copies, all original sources are
	   relevant.) For N sources and destinations, this exhaustive check is
	   O(N^2). This option prevents the exhaustive portion of rename/copy
	   detection from running if the number of source/destination files
	   involved exceeds the specified number. Defaults to
	   diff.renameLimit. Note that a value of 0 is treated as unlimited.

       --diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]]
	   Select only files that are Added (A), Copied (C), Deleted (D),
	   Modified (M), Renamed (R), have their type (i.e. regular file,
	   symlink, submodule, ...) changed (T), are Unmerged (U), are Unknown
	   (X), or have had their pairing Broken (B). Any combination of the
	   filter characters (including none) can be used. When *
	   (All-or-none) is added to the combination, all paths are selected
	   if there is any file that matches other criteria in the comparison;
	   if there is no file that matches other criteria, nothing is
	   selected.

	   Also, these upper-case letters can be downcased to exclude. E.g.
	   --diff-filter=ad excludes added and deleted paths.

	   Note that not all diffs can feature all types. For instance, copied
	   and renamed entries cannot appear if detection for those types is
	   disabled.

       -S<string>
	   Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of the
	   specified string (i.e. addition/deletion) in a file. Intended for
	   the scripter's use.

	   It is useful when you're looking for an exact block of code (like a
	   struct), and want to know the history of that block since it first
	   came into being: use the feature iteratively to feed the
	   interesting block in the preimage back into -S, and keep going
	   until you get the very first version of the block.

	   Binary files are searched as well.

       -G<regex>
	   Look for differences whose patch text contains added/removed lines
	   that match <regex>.

	   To illustrate the difference between -S<regex> --pickaxe-regex and
	   -G<regex>, consider a commit with the following diff in the same
	   file:

	       +    return frotz(nitfol, two->ptr, 1, 0);
	       ...
	       -    hit = frotz(nitfol, mf2.ptr, 1, 0);

	   While git log -G"frotz\(nitfol" will show this commit, git log
	   -S"frotz\(nitfol" --pickaxe-regex will not (because the number of
	   occurrences of that string did not change).

	   Unless --text is supplied patches of binary files without a
	   textconv filter will be ignored.

	   See the pickaxe entry in gitdiffcore(7) for more information.

       --find-object=<object-id>
	   Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of the
	   specified object. Similar to -S, just the argument is different in
	   that it doesn't search for a specific string but for a specific
	   object id.

	   The object can be a blob or a submodule commit. It implies the -t
	   option in git-log to also find trees.

       --pickaxe-all
	   When -S or -G finds a change, show all the changes in that
	   changeset, not just the files that contain the change in <string>.

       --pickaxe-regex
	   Treat the <string> given to -S as an extended POSIX regular
	   expression to match.

       -O<orderfile>
	   Control the order in which files appear in the output. This
	   overrides the diff.orderFile configuration variable (see git-
	   config(1)). To cancel diff.orderFile, use -O/dev/null.

	   The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in
	   <orderfile>. All files with pathnames that match the first pattern
	   are output first, all files with pathnames that match the second
	   pattern (but not the first) are output next, and so on. All files
	   with pathnames that do not match any pattern are output last, as if
	   there was an implicit match-all pattern at the end of the file. If
	   multiple pathnames have the same rank (they match the same pattern
	   but no earlier patterns), their output order relative to each other
	   is the normal order.

	   <orderfile> is parsed as follows:

	   o   Blank lines are ignored, so they can be used as separators for
	       readability.

	   o   Lines starting with a hash ("#") are ignored, so they can be
	       used for comments. Add a backslash ("\") to the beginning of
	       the pattern if it starts with a hash.

	   o   Each other line contains a single pattern.

	   Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for
	   fnmatch(3) without the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also
	   matches a pattern if removing any number of the final pathname
	   components matches the pattern. For example, the pattern "foo*bar"
	   matches "fooasdfbar" and "foo/bar/baz/asdf" but not "foobarx".

       --skip-to=<file>, --rotate-to=<file>
	   Discard the files before the named <file> from the output (i.e.
	   skip to), or move them to the end of the output (i.e.  rotate to).
	   These were invented primarily for use of the git difftool command,
	   and may not be very useful otherwise.

       -R
	   Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or on-disk
	   file to tree contents.

       --relative[=<path>], --no-relative
	   When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be told to
	   exclude changes outside the directory and show pathnames relative
	   to it with this option. When you are not in a subdirectory (e.g. in
	   a bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make the
	   output relative to by giving a <path> as an argument.
	   --no-relative can be used to countermand both diff.relative config
	   option and previous --relative.

       -a, --text
	   Treat all files as text.

       --ignore-cr-at-eol
	   Ignore carriage-return at the end of line when doing a comparison.

       --ignore-space-at-eol
	   Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.

       -b, --ignore-space-change
	   Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace at
	   line end, and considers all other sequences of one or more
	   whitespace characters to be equivalent.

       -w, --ignore-all-space
	   Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences
	   even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none.

       --ignore-blank-lines
	   Ignore changes whose lines are all blank.

       -I<regex>, --ignore-matching-lines=<regex>
	   Ignore changes whose all lines match <regex>. This option may be
	   specified more than once.

       --inter-hunk-context=<lines>
	   Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number of
	   lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other. Defaults
	   to diff.interHunkContext or 0 if the config option is unset.

       -W, --function-context
	   Show whole function as context lines for each change. The function
	   names are determined in the same way as git diff works out patch
	   hunk headers (see Defining a custom hunk-header in
	   gitattributes(5)).

       --ext-diff
	   Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an
	   external diff driver with gitattributes(5), you need to use this
	   option with git-log(1) and friends.

       --no-ext-diff
	   Disallow external diff drivers.

       --textconv, --no-textconv
	   Allow (or disallow) external text conversion filters to be run when
	   comparing binary files. See gitattributes(5) for details. Because
	   textconv filters are typically a one-way conversion, the resulting
	   diff is suitable for human consumption, but cannot be applied. For
	   this reason, textconv filters are enabled by default only for git-
	   diff(1) and git-log(1), but not for git-format-patch(1) or diff
	   plumbing commands.

       --ignore-submodules[=<when>]
	   Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation. <when> can be
	   either "none", "untracked", "dirty" or "all", which is the default.
	   Using "none" will consider the submodule modified when it either
	   contains untracked or modified files or its HEAD differs from the
	   commit recorded in the superproject and can be used to override any
	   settings of the ignore option in git-config(1) or gitmodules(5).
	   When "untracked" is used submodules are not considered dirty when
	   they only contain untracked content (but they are still scanned for
	   modified content). Using "dirty" ignores all changes to the work
	   tree of submodules, only changes to the commits stored in the
	   superproject are shown (this was the behavior until 1.7.0). Using
	   "all" hides all changes to submodules.

       --src-prefix=<prefix>
	   Show the given source prefix instead of "a/".

       --dst-prefix=<prefix>
	   Show the given destination prefix instead of "b/".

       --no-prefix
	   Do not show any source or destination prefix.

       --line-prefix=<prefix>
	   Prepend an additional prefix to every line of output.

       --ita-invisible-in-index
	   By default entries added by "git add -N" appear as an existing
	   empty file in "git diff" and a new file in "git diff --cached".
	   This option makes the entry appear as a new file in "git diff" and
	   non-existent in "git diff --cached". This option could be reverted
	   with --ita-visible-in-index. Both options are experimental and
	   could be removed in future.

       For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also
       gitdiffcore(7).

GENERATING PATCH TEXT WITH -P
       Running git-diff(1), git-log(1), git-show(1), git-diff-index(1), git-
       diff-tree(1), or git-diff-files(1) with the -p option produces patch
       text. You can customize the creation of patch text via the
       GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF and the GIT_DIFF_OPTS environment variables (see
       git(1)), and the diff attribute (see gitattributes(5)).

       What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional
       diff format:

	1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header that looks like this:

	       diff --git a/file1 b/file2

	   The a/ and b/ filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
	   involved. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion, /dev/null
	   is not used in place of the a/ or b/ filenames.

	   When rename/copy is involved, file1 and file2 show the name of the
	   source file of the rename/copy and the name of the file that
	   rename/copy produces, respectively.

	2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines:

	       old mode <mode>
	       new mode <mode>
	       deleted file mode <mode>
	       new file mode <mode>
	       copy from <path>
	       copy to <path>
	       rename from <path>
	       rename to <path>
	       similarity index <number>
	       dissimilarity index <number>
	       index <hash>..<hash> <mode>

	   File modes are printed as 6-digit octal numbers including the file
	   type and file permission bits.

	   Path names in extended headers do not include the a/ and b/
	   prefixes.

	   The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and the
	   dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines. It is a
	   rounded down integer, followed by a percent sign. The similarity
	   index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal files, while
	   100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old file made it
	   into the new one.

	   The index line includes the blob object names before and after the
	   change. The <mode> is included if the file mode does not change;
	   otherwise, separate lines indicate the old and the new mode.

	3. Pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for the
	   configuration variable core.quotePath (see git-config(1)).

	4. All the file1 files in the output refer to files before the commit,
	   and all the file2 files refer to files after the commit. It is
	   incorrect to apply each change to each file sequentially. For
	   example, this patch will swap a and b:

	       diff --git a/a b/b
	       rename from a
	       rename to b
	       diff --git a/b b/a
	       rename from b
	       rename to a

	5. Hunk headers mention the name of the function to which the hunk
	   applies. See "Defining a custom hunk-header" in gitattributes(5)
	   for details of how to tailor to this to specific languages.

COMBINED DIFF FORMAT
       Any diff-generating command can take the -c or --cc option to produce a
       combined diff when showing a merge. This is the default format when
       showing merges with git-diff(1) or git-show(1). Note also that you can
       give suitable --diff-merges option to any of these commands to force
       generation of diffs in specific format.

       A "combined diff" format looks like this:

	   diff --combined describe.c
	   index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
	   --- a/describe.c
	   +++ b/describe.c
	   @@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
		   return (a_date > b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
	     }

	   - static void describe(char *arg)
	    -static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
	   ++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
	     {
	    +	   unsigned char sha1[20];
	    +	   struct commit *cmit;
		   struct commit_list *list;
		   static int initialized = 0;
		   struct commit_name *n;

	    +	   if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0)
	    +		   usage(describe_usage);
	    +	   cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
	    +	   if (!cmit)
	    +		   usage(describe_usage);
	    +
		   if (!initialized) {
			   initialized = 1;
			   for_each_ref(get_name);



	1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like this (when
	   the -c option is used):

	       diff --combined file

	   or like this (when the --cc option is used):

	       diff --cc file

	2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines (this example
	   shows a merge with two parents):

	       index <hash>,<hash>..<hash>
	       mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>
	       new file mode <mode>
	       deleted file mode <mode>,<mode>

	   The mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode> line appears only if at least one of
	   the <mode> is different from the rest. Extended headers with
	   information about detected contents movement (renames and copying
	   detection) are designed to work with diff of two <tree-ish> and are
	   not used by combined diff format.

	3. It is followed by two-line from-file/to-file header

	       --- a/file
	       +++ b/file

	   Similar to two-line header for traditional unified diff format,
	   /dev/null is used to signal created or deleted files.

	   However, if the --combined-all-paths option is provided, instead of
	   a two-line from-file/to-file you get a N+1 line from-file/to-file
	   header, where N is the number of parents in the merge commit

	       --- a/file
	       --- a/file
	       --- a/file
	       +++ b/file

	   This extended format can be useful if rename or copy detection is
	   active, to allow you to see the original name of the file in
	   different parents.

	4. Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from accidentally
	   feeding it to patch -p1. Combined diff format was created for
	   review of merge commit changes, and was not meant to be applied.
	   The change is similar to the change in the extended index header:

	       @@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@

	   There are (number of parents + 1) @ characters in the chunk header
	   for combined diff format.

       Unlike the traditional unified diff format, which shows two files A and
       B with a single column that has - (minus -- appears in A but removed in
       B), + (plus -- missing in A but added to B), or " " (space --
       unchanged) prefix, this format compares two or more files file1,
       file2,... with one file X, and shows how X differs from each of fileN.
       One column for each of fileN is prepended to the output line to note
       how X's line is different from it.

       A - character in the column N means that the line appears in fileN but
       it does not appear in the result. A + character in the column N means
       that the line appears in the result, and fileN does not have that line
       (in other words, the line was added, from the point of view of that
       parent).

       In the above example output, the function signature was changed from
       both files (hence two - removals from both file1 and file2, plus ++ to
       mean one line that was added does not appear in either file1 or file2).
       Also eight other lines are the same from file1 but do not appear in
       file2 (hence prefixed with +).

       When shown by git diff-tree -c, it compares the parents of a merge
       commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the parents). When
       shown by git diff-files -c, it compares the two unresolved merge
       parents with the working tree file (i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka "our
       version", file2 is stage 3 aka "their version").

EXAMPLES
       git log --no-merges
	   Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges

       git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi
	   Show all commits since version v2.6.12 that changed any file in the
	   include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories

       git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk
	   Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file gitk. The --
	   is necessary to avoid confusion with the branch named gitk

       git log --name-status release..test
	   Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet in the
	   "release" branch, along with the list of paths each commit
	   modifies.

       git log --follow builtin/rev-list.c
	   Shows the commits that changed builtin/rev-list.c, including those
	   commits that occurred before the file was given its present name.

       git log --branches --not --remotes=origin
	   Shows all commits that are in any of local branches but not in any
	   of remote-tracking branches for origin (what you have that origin
	   doesn't).

       git log master --not --remotes=*/master
	   Shows all commits that are in local master but not in any remote
	   repository master branches.

       git log -p -m --first-parent
	   Shows the history including change diffs, but only from the "main
	   branch" perspective, skipping commits that come from merged
	   branches, and showing full diffs of changes introduced by the
	   merges. This makes sense only when following a strict policy of
	   merging all topic branches when staying on a single integration
	   branch.

       git log -L '/int main/',/^}/:main.c
	   Shows how the function main() in the file main.c evolved over time.

       git log -3
	   Limits the number of commits to show to 3.

DISCUSSION
       Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.

       o   The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of
	   bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.

       o   Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This applies
	   to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as path names
	   in command line arguments, environment variables and config files
	   (.git/config (see git-config(1)), gitignore(5), gitattributes(5)
	   and gitmodules(5)).

	   Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
	   sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
	   conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using non-ASCII
	   path names will mostly work even on platforms and file systems that
	   use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However, repositories created
	   on such systems will not work properly on UTF-8-based systems (e.g.
	   Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa. Additionally, many Git-based
	   tools simply assume path names to be UTF-8 and will fail to display
	   other encodings correctly.

       o   Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
	   extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
	   ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but not UTF-16/32, EBCDIC and
	   CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5, EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).

       Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in
       UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8
       on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more
       convenient to use legacy encodings, Git does not forbid it. However,
       there are a few things to keep in mind.

	1. git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log
	   message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless
	   you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to
	   say this is to have i18n.commitEncoding in .git/config file, like
	   this:

	       [i18n]
		       commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1

	   Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of
	   i18n.commitEncoding in its encoding header. This is to help other
	   people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the
	   commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.

	2. git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding
	   header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into
	   UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired
	   output encoding with i18n.logOutputEncoding in .git/config file,
	   like this:

	       [i18n]
		       logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1

	   If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
	   i18n.commitEncoding is used instead.

       Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message
       when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level,
       because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.

CONFIGURATION
       See git-config(1) for core variables and git-diff(1) for settings
       related to diff generation.

       format.pretty
	   Default for the --format option. (See Pretty Formats above.)
	   Defaults to medium.

       i18n.logOutputEncoding
	   Encoding to use when displaying logs. (See Discussion above.)
	   Defaults to the value of i18n.commitEncoding if set, and UTF-8
	   otherwise.

       Everything above this line in this section isn't included from the git-
       config(1) documentation. The content that follows is the same as what's
       found there:

       log.abbrevCommit
	   If true, makes git-log(1), git-show(1), and git-whatchanged(1)
	   assume --abbrev-commit. You may override this option with
	   --no-abbrev-commit.

       log.date
	   Set the default date-time mode for the log command. Setting a value
	   for log.date is similar to using git log's --date option. See git-
	   log(1) for details.

	   If the format is set to "auto:foo" and the pager is in use, format
	   "foo" will be the used for the date format. Otherwise "default"
	   will be used.

       log.decorate
	   Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown by the log
	   command. If short is specified, the ref name prefixes refs/heads/,
	   refs/tags/ and refs/remotes/ will not be printed. If full is
	   specified, the full ref name (including prefix) will be printed. If
	   auto is specified, then if the output is going to a terminal, the
	   ref names are shown as if short were given, otherwise no ref names
	   are shown. This is the same as the --decorate option of the git
	   log.

       log.initialDecorationSet
	   By default, git log only shows decorations for certain known ref
	   namespaces. If all is specified, then show all refs as decorations.

       log.excludeDecoration
	   Exclude the specified patterns from the log decorations. This is
	   similar to the --decorate-refs-exclude command-line option, but the
	   config option can be overridden by the --decorate-refs option.

       log.diffMerges
	   Set diff format to be used when --diff-merges=on is specified, see
	   --diff-merges in git-log(1) for details. Defaults to separate.

       log.follow
	   If true, git log will act as if the --follow option was used when a
	   single <path> is given. This has the same limitations as --follow,
	   i.e. it cannot be used to follow multiple files and does not work
	   well on non-linear history.

       log.graphColors
	   A list of colors, separated by commas, that can be used to draw
	   history lines in git log --graph.

       log.showRoot
	   If true, the initial commit will be shown as a big creation event.
	   This is equivalent to a diff against an empty tree. Tools like git-
	   log(1) or git-whatchanged(1), which normally hide the root commit
	   will now show it. True by default.

       log.showSignature
	   If true, makes git-log(1), git-show(1), and git-whatchanged(1)
	   assume --show-signature.

       log.mailmap
	   If true, makes git-log(1), git-show(1), and git-whatchanged(1)
	   assume --use-mailmap, otherwise assume --no-use-mailmap. True by
	   default.

       notes.mergeStrategy
	   Which merge strategy to choose by default when resolving notes
	   conflicts. Must be one of manual, ours, theirs, union, or
	   cat_sort_uniq. Defaults to manual. See "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES"
	   section of git-notes(1) for more information on each strategy.

	   This setting can be overridden by passing the --strategy option to
	   git-notes(1).

       notes.<name>.mergeStrategy
	   Which merge strategy to choose when doing a notes merge into
	   refs/notes/<name>. This overrides the more general
	   "notes.mergeStrategy". See the "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES" section in
	   git-notes(1) for more information on the available strategies.

       notes.displayRef
	   Which ref (or refs, if a glob or specified more than once), in
	   addition to the default set by core.notesRef or GIT_NOTES_REF, to
	   read notes from when showing commit messages with the git log
	   family of commands.

	   This setting can be overridden with the GIT_NOTES_DISPLAY_REF
	   environment variable, which must be a colon separated list of refs
	   or globs.

	   A warning will be issued for refs that do not exist, but a glob
	   that does not match any refs is silently ignored.

	   This setting can be disabled by the --no-notes option to the git
	   log family of commands, or by the --notes=<ref> option accepted by
	   those commands.

	   The effective value of "core.notesRef" (possibly overridden by
	   GIT_NOTES_REF) is also implicitly added to the list of refs to be
	   displayed.

       notes.rewrite.<command>
	   When rewriting commits with <command> (currently amend or rebase),
	   if this variable is false, git will not copy notes from the
	   original to the rewritten commit. Defaults to true. See also
	   "notes.rewriteRef" below.

	   This setting can be overridden with the GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF
	   environment variable, which must be a colon separated list of refs
	   or globs.

       notes.rewriteMode
	   When copying notes during a rewrite (see the
	   "notes.rewrite.<command>" option), determines what to do if the
	   target commit already has a note. Must be one of overwrite,
	   concatenate, cat_sort_uniq, or ignore. Defaults to concatenate.

	   This setting can be overridden with the GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_MODE
	   environment variable.

       notes.rewriteRef
	   When copying notes during a rewrite, specifies the (fully
	   qualified) ref whose notes should be copied. May be a glob, in
	   which case notes in all matching refs will be copied. You may also
	   specify this configuration several times.

	   Does not have a default value; you must configure this variable to
	   enable note rewriting. Set it to refs/notes/commits to enable
	   rewriting for the default commit notes.

	   Can be overridden with the GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF environment
	   variable. See notes.rewrite.<command> above for a further
	   description of its format.

GIT
       Part of the git(1) suite



Git 2.38.4			  05/16/2024			    GIT-LOG(1)