GIT-PULL(1)			  Git Manual			   GIT-PULL(1)



NAME
       git-pull - Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local
       branch

SYNOPSIS
       git pull [<options>] [<repository> [<refspec>...]]


DESCRIPTION
       Incorporates changes from a remote repository into the current branch.
       If the current branch is behind the remote, then by default it will
       fast-forward the current branch to match the remote. If the current
       branch and the remote have diverged, the user needs to specify how to
       reconcile the divergent branches with --rebase or --no-rebase (or the
       corresponding configuration option in pull.rebase).

       More precisely, git pull runs git fetch with the given parameters and
       then depending on configuration options or command line flags, will
       call either git rebase or git merge to reconcile diverging branches.

       <repository> should be the name of a remote repository as passed to
       git-fetch(1). <refspec> can name an arbitrary remote ref (for example,
       the name of a tag) or even a collection of refs with corresponding
       remote-tracking branches (e.g., refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*),
       but usually it is the name of a branch in the remote repository.

       Default values for <repository> and <branch> are read from the "remote"
       and "merge" configuration for the current branch as set by git-
       branch(1) --track.

       Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "master":

		     A---B---C master on origin
		    /
	       D---E---F---G master
		   ^
		   origin/master in your repository


       Then "git pull" will fetch and replay the changes from the remote
       master branch since it diverged from the local master (i.e., E) until
       its current commit (C) on top of master and record the result in a new
       commit along with the names of the two parent commits and a log message
       from the user describing the changes.

		     A---B---C origin/master
		    /	      \
	       D---E---F---G---H master


       See git-merge(1) for details, including how conflicts are presented and
       handled.

       In Git 1.7.0 or later, to cancel a conflicting merge, use git reset
       --merge. Warning: In older versions of Git, running git pull with
       uncommitted changes is discouraged: while possible, it leaves you in a
       state that may be hard to back out of in the case of a conflict.

       If any of the remote changes overlap with local uncommitted changes,
       the merge will be automatically canceled and the work tree untouched.
       It is generally best to get any local changes in working order before
       pulling or stash them away with git-stash(1).

OPTIONS
       -q, --quiet
	   This is passed to both underlying git-fetch to squelch reporting of
	   during transfer, and underlying git-merge to squelch output during
	   merging.

       -v, --verbose
	   Pass --verbose to git-fetch and git-merge.

       --[no-]recurse-submodules[=yes|on-demand|no]
	   This option controls if new commits of populated submodules should
	   be fetched, and if the working trees of active submodules should be
	   updated, too (see git-fetch(1), git-config(1) and gitmodules(5)).

	   If the checkout is done via rebase, local submodule commits are
	   rebased as well.

	   If the update is done via merge, the submodule conflicts are
	   resolved and checked out.

   Options related to merging
       --commit, --no-commit
	   Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can be used to
	   override --no-commit. Only useful when merging.

	   With --no-commit perform the merge and stop just before creating a
	   merge commit, to give the user a chance to inspect and further
	   tweak the merge result before committing.

	   Note that fast-forward updates do not create a merge commit and
	   therefore there is no way to stop those merges with --no-commit.
	   Thus, if you want to ensure your branch is not changed or updated
	   by the merge command, use --no-ff with --no-commit.

       --edit, -e, --no-edit
	   Invoke an editor before committing successful mechanical merge to
	   further edit the auto-generated merge message, so that the user can
	   explain and justify the merge. The --no-edit option can be used to
	   accept the auto-generated message (this is generally discouraged).

	   Older scripts may depend on the historical behaviour of not
	   allowing the user to edit the merge log message. They will see an
	   editor opened when they run git merge. To make it easier to adjust
	   such scripts to the updated behaviour, the environment variable
	   GIT_MERGE_AUTOEDIT can be set to no at the beginning of them.

       --cleanup=<mode>
	   This option determines how the merge message will be cleaned up
	   before committing. See git-commit(1) for more details. In addition,
	   if the <mode> is given a value of scissors, scissors will be
	   appended to MERGE_MSG before being passed on to the commit
	   machinery in the case of a merge conflict.

       --ff-only
	   Only update to the new history if there is no divergent local
	   history. This is the default when no method for reconciling
	   divergent histories is provided (via the --rebase=* flags).

       --ff, --no-ff
	   When merging rather than rebasing, specifies how a merge is handled
	   when the merged-in history is already a descendant of the current
	   history. If merging is requested, --ff is the default unless
	   merging an annotated (and possibly signed) tag that is not stored
	   in its natural place in the refs/tags/ hierarchy, in which case
	   --no-ff is assumed.

	   With --ff, when possible resolve the merge as a fast-forward (only
	   update the branch pointer to match the merged branch; do not create
	   a merge commit). When not possible (when the merged-in history is
	   not a descendant of the current history), create a merge commit.

	   With --no-ff, create a merge commit in all cases, even when the
	   merge could instead be resolved as a fast-forward.

       -S[<keyid>], --gpg-sign[=<keyid>], --no-gpg-sign
	   GPG-sign the resulting merge commit. The keyid argument is optional
	   and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
	   stuck to the option without a space.	 --no-gpg-sign is useful to
	   countermand both commit.gpgSign configuration variable, and earlier
	   --gpg-sign.

       --log[=<n>], --no-log
	   In addition to branch names, populate the log message with one-line
	   descriptions from at most <n> actual commits that are being merged.
	   See also git-fmt-merge-msg(1). Only useful when merging.

	   With --no-log do not list one-line descriptions from the actual
	   commits being merged.

       --signoff, --no-signoff
	   Add a Signed-off-by trailer by the committer at the end of the
	   commit log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project
	   to which you're committing. For example, it may certify that the
	   committer has the rights to submit the work under the project's
	   license or agrees to some contributor representation, such as a
	   Developer Certificate of Origin. (See
	   http://developercertificate.org for the one used by the Linux
	   kernel and Git projects.) Consult the documentation or leadership
	   of the project to which you're contributing to understand how the
	   signoffs are used in that project.

	   The --no-signoff option can be used to countermand an earlier
	   --signoff option on the command line.

       --stat, -n, --no-stat
	   Show a diffstat at the end of the merge. The diffstat is also
	   controlled by the configuration option merge.stat.

	   With -n or --no-stat do not show a diffstat at the end of the
	   merge.

       --squash, --no-squash
	   Produce the working tree and index state as if a real merge
	   happened (except for the merge information), but do not actually
	   make a commit, move the HEAD, or record $GIT_DIR/MERGE_HEAD (to
	   cause the next git commit command to create a merge commit). This
	   allows you to create a single commit on top of the current branch
	   whose effect is the same as merging another branch (or more in case
	   of an octopus).

	   With --no-squash perform the merge and commit the result. This
	   option can be used to override --squash.

	   With --squash, --commit is not allowed, and will fail.

	   Only useful when merging.

       --[no-]verify
	   By default, the pre-merge and commit-msg hooks are run. When
	   --no-verify is given, these are bypassed. See also githooks(5).
	   Only useful when merging.

       -s <strategy>, --strategy=<strategy>
	   Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than once to
	   specify them in the order they should be tried. If there is no -s
	   option, a built-in list of strategies is used instead (ort when
	   merging a single head, octopus otherwise).

       -X <option>, --strategy-option=<option>
	   Pass merge strategy specific option through to the merge strategy.

       --verify-signatures, --no-verify-signatures
	   Verify that the tip commit of the side branch being merged is
	   signed with a valid key, i.e. a key that has a valid uid: in the
	   default trust model, this means the signing key has been signed by
	   a trusted key. If the tip commit of the side branch is not signed
	   with a valid key, the merge is aborted.

	   Only useful when merging.

       --summary, --no-summary
	   Synonyms to --stat and --no-stat; these are deprecated and will be
	   removed in the future.

       --autostash, --no-autostash
	   Automatically create a temporary stash entry before the operation
	   begins, record it in the special ref MERGE_AUTOSTASH and apply it
	   after the operation ends. This means that you can run the operation
	   on a dirty worktree. However, use with care: the final stash
	   application after a successful merge might result in non-trivial
	   conflicts.

       --allow-unrelated-histories
	   By default, git merge command refuses to merge histories that do
	   not share a common ancestor. This option can be used to override
	   this safety when merging histories of two projects that started
	   their lives independently. As that is a very rare occasion, no
	   configuration variable to enable this by default exists and will
	   not be added.

	   Only useful when merging.

       -r, --rebase[=false|true|merges|interactive]
	   When true, rebase the current branch on top of the upstream branch
	   after fetching. If there is a remote-tracking branch corresponding
	   to the upstream branch and the upstream branch was rebased since
	   last fetched, the rebase uses that information to avoid rebasing
	   non-local changes.

	   When set to merges, rebase using git rebase --rebase-merges so that
	   the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see git-
	   rebase(1) for details).

	   When false, merge the upstream branch into the current branch.

	   When interactive, enable the interactive mode of rebase.

	   See pull.rebase, branch.<name>.rebase and branch.autoSetupRebase in
	   git-config(1) if you want to make git pull always use --rebase
	   instead of merging.

	       Note
	       This is a potentially dangerous mode of operation. It rewrites
	       history, which does not bode well when you published that
	       history already. Do not use this option unless you have read
	       git-rebase(1) carefully.

       --no-rebase
	   This is shorthand for --rebase=false.

   Options related to fetching
       --all
	   Fetch all remotes.

       -a, --append
	   Append ref names and object names of fetched refs to the existing
	   contents of .git/FETCH_HEAD. Without this option old data in
	   .git/FETCH_HEAD will be overwritten.

       --atomic
	   Use an atomic transaction to update local refs. Either all refs are
	   updated, or on error, no refs are updated.

       --depth=<depth>
	   Limit fetching to the specified number of commits from the tip of
	   each remote branch history. If fetching to a shallow repository
	   created by git clone with --depth=<depth> option (see git-
	   clone(1)), deepen or shorten the history to the specified number of
	   commits. Tags for the deepened commits are not fetched.

       --deepen=<depth>
	   Similar to --depth, except it specifies the number of commits from
	   the current shallow boundary instead of from the tip of each remote
	   branch history.

       --shallow-since=<date>
	   Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to include
	   all reachable commits after <date>.

       --shallow-exclude=<revision>
	   Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to exclude
	   commits reachable from a specified remote branch or tag. This
	   option can be specified multiple times.

       --unshallow
	   If the source repository is complete, convert a shallow repository
	   to a complete one, removing all the limitations imposed by shallow
	   repositories.

	   If the source repository is shallow, fetch as much as possible so
	   that the current repository has the same history as the source
	   repository.

       --update-shallow
	   By default when fetching from a shallow repository, git fetch
	   refuses refs that require updating .git/shallow. This option
	   updates .git/shallow and accept such refs.

       --negotiation-tip=<commit|glob>
	   By default, Git will report, to the server, commits reachable from
	   all local refs to find common commits in an attempt to reduce the
	   size of the to-be-received packfile. If specified, Git will only
	   report commits reachable from the given tips. This is useful to
	   speed up fetches when the user knows which local ref is likely to
	   have commits in common with the upstream ref being fetched.

	   This option may be specified more than once; if so, Git will report
	   commits reachable from any of the given commits.

	   The argument to this option may be a glob on ref names, a ref, or
	   the (possibly abbreviated) SHA-1 of a commit. Specifying a glob is
	   equivalent to specifying this option multiple times, one for each
	   matching ref name.

	   See also the fetch.negotiationAlgorithm and push.negotiate
	   configuration variables documented in git-config(1), and the
	   --negotiate-only option below.

       --negotiate-only
	   Do not fetch anything from the server, and instead print the
	   ancestors of the provided --negotiation-tip=* arguments, which we
	   have in common with the server.

	   This is incompatible with --recurse-submodules=[yes|on-demand].
	   Internally this is used to implement the push.negotiate option, see
	   git-config(1).

       --dry-run
	   Show what would be done, without making any changes.

       -f, --force
	   When git fetch is used with <src>:<dst> refspec it may refuse to
	   update the local branch as discussed in the <refspec> part of the
	   git-fetch(1) documentation. This option overrides that check.

       -k, --keep
	   Keep downloaded pack.

       --prefetch
	   Modify the configured refspec to place all refs into the
	   refs/prefetch/ namespace. See the prefetch task in git-
	   maintenance(1).

       -p, --prune
	   Before fetching, remove any remote-tracking references that no
	   longer exist on the remote. Tags are not subject to pruning if they
	   are fetched only because of the default tag auto-following or due
	   to a --tags option. However, if tags are fetched due to an explicit
	   refspec (either on the command line or in the remote configuration,
	   for example if the remote was cloned with the --mirror option),
	   then they are also subject to pruning. Supplying --prune-tags is a
	   shorthand for providing the tag refspec.

       --no-tags
	   By default, tags that point at objects that are downloaded from the
	   remote repository are fetched and stored locally. This option
	   disables this automatic tag following. The default behavior for a
	   remote may be specified with the remote.<name>.tagOpt setting. See
	   git-config(1).

       --refmap=<refspec>
	   When fetching refs listed on the command line, use the specified
	   refspec (can be given more than once) to map the refs to
	   remote-tracking branches, instead of the values of remote.*.fetch
	   configuration variables for the remote repository. Providing an
	   empty <refspec> to the --refmap option causes Git to ignore the
	   configured refspecs and rely entirely on the refspecs supplied as
	   command-line arguments. See section on "Configured Remote-tracking
	   Branches" for details.

       -t, --tags
	   Fetch all tags from the remote (i.e., fetch remote tags refs/tags/*
	   into local tags with the same name), in addition to whatever else
	   would otherwise be fetched. Using this option alone does not
	   subject tags to pruning, even if --prune is used (though tags may
	   be pruned anyway if they are also the destination of an explicit
	   refspec; see --prune).

       -j, --jobs=<n>
	   Number of parallel children to be used for all forms of fetching.

	   If the --multiple option was specified, the different remotes will
	   be fetched in parallel. If multiple submodules are fetched, they
	   will be fetched in parallel. To control them independently, use the
	   config settings fetch.parallel and submodule.fetchJobs (see git-
	   config(1)).

	   Typically, parallel recursive and multi-remote fetches will be
	   faster. By default fetches are performed sequentially, not in
	   parallel.

       --set-upstream
	   If the remote is fetched successfully, add upstream (tracking)
	   reference, used by argument-less git-pull(1) and other commands.
	   For more information, see branch.<name>.merge and
	   branch.<name>.remote in git-config(1).

       --upload-pack <upload-pack>
	   When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled by git
	   fetch-pack, --exec=<upload-pack> is passed to the command to
	   specify non-default path for the command run on the other end.

       --progress
	   Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by default
	   when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q is specified. This
	   flag forces progress status even if the standard error stream is
	   not directed to a terminal.

       -o <option>, --server-option=<option>
	   Transmit the given string to the server when communicating using
	   protocol version 2. The given string must not contain a NUL or LF
	   character. The server's handling of server options, including
	   unknown ones, is server-specific. When multiple
	   --server-option=<option> are given, they are all sent to the other
	   side in the order listed on the command line.

       --show-forced-updates
	   By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during fetch.
	   This can be disabled through fetch.showForcedUpdates, but the
	   --show-forced-updates option guarantees this check occurs. See git-
	   config(1).

       --no-show-forced-updates
	   By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during fetch.
	   Pass --no-show-forced-updates or set fetch.showForcedUpdates to
	   false to skip this check for performance reasons. If used during
	   git-pull the --ff-only option will still check for forced updates
	   before attempting a fast-forward update. See git-config(1).

       -4, --ipv4
	   Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.

       -6, --ipv6
	   Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.

       <repository>
	   The "remote" repository that is the source of a fetch or pull
	   operation. This parameter can be either a URL (see the section GIT
	   URLS below) or the name of a remote (see the section REMOTES
	   below).

       <refspec>
	   Specifies which refs to fetch and which local refs to update. When
	   no <refspec>s appear on the command line, the refs to fetch are
	   read from remote.<repository>.fetch variables instead (see the
	   section "CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES" in git-fetch(1)).

	   The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus +, followed
	   by the source <src>, followed by a colon :, followed by the
	   destination ref <dst>. The colon can be omitted when <dst> is
	   empty. <src> is typically a ref, but it can also be a fully spelled
	   hex object name.

	   A <refspec> may contain a * in its <src> to indicate a simple
	   pattern match. Such a refspec functions like a glob that matches
	   any ref with the same prefix. A pattern <refspec> must have a * in
	   both the <src> and <dst>. It will map refs to the destination by
	   replacing the * with the contents matched from the source.

	   If a refspec is prefixed by ^, it will be interpreted as a negative
	   refspec. Rather than specifying which refs to fetch or which local
	   refs to update, such a refspec will instead specify refs to
	   exclude. A ref will be considered to match if it matches at least
	   one positive refspec, and does not match any negative refspec.
	   Negative refspecs can be useful to restrict the scope of a pattern
	   refspec so that it will not include specific refs. Negative
	   refspecs can themselves be pattern refspecs. However, they may only
	   contain a <src> and do not specify a <dst>. Fully spelled out hex
	   object names are also not supported.

	   tag <tag> means the same as refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>; it
	   requests fetching everything up to the given tag.

	   The remote ref that matches <src> is fetched, and if <dst> is not
	   an empty string, an attempt is made to update the local ref that
	   matches it.

	   Whether that update is allowed without --force depends on the ref
	   namespace it's being fetched to, the type of object being fetched,
	   and whether the update is considered to be a fast-forward.
	   Generally, the same rules apply for fetching as when pushing, see
	   the <refspec>...  section of git-push(1) for what those are.
	   Exceptions to those rules particular to git fetch are noted below.

	   Until Git version 2.20, and unlike when pushing with git-push(1),
	   any updates to refs/tags/* would be accepted without + in the
	   refspec (or --force). When fetching, we promiscuously considered
	   all tag updates from a remote to be forced fetches. Since Git
	   version 2.20, fetching to update refs/tags/* works the same way as
	   when pushing. I.e. any updates will be rejected without + in the
	   refspec (or --force).

	   Unlike when pushing with git-push(1), any updates outside of
	   refs/{tags,heads}/* will be accepted without + in the refspec (or
	   --force), whether that's swapping e.g. a tree object for a blob, or
	   a commit for another commit that's doesn't have the previous commit
	   as an ancestor etc.

	   Unlike when pushing with git-push(1), there is no configuration
	   which'll amend these rules, and nothing like a pre-fetch hook
	   analogous to the pre-receive hook.

	   As with pushing with git-push(1), all of the rules described above
	   about what's not allowed as an update can be overridden by adding
	   an the optional leading + to a refspec (or using --force command
	   line option). The only exception to this is that no amount of
	   forcing will make the refs/heads/* namespace accept a non-commit
	   object.

	       Note
	       When the remote branch you want to fetch is known to be rewound
	       and rebased regularly, it is expected that its new tip will not
	       be descendant of its previous tip (as stored in your
	       remote-tracking branch the last time you fetched). You would
	       want to use the + sign to indicate non-fast-forward updates
	       will be needed for such branches. There is no way to determine
	       or declare that a branch will be made available in a repository
	       with this behavior; the pulling user simply must know this is
	       the expected usage pattern for a branch.

	       Note
	       There is a difference between listing multiple <refspec>
	       directly on git pull command line and having multiple
	       remote.<repository>.fetch entries in your configuration for a
	       <repository> and running a git pull command without any
	       explicit <refspec> parameters. <refspec>s listed explicitly on
	       the command line are always merged into the current branch
	       after fetching. In other words, if you list more than one
	       remote ref, git pull will create an Octopus merge. On the other
	       hand, if you do not list any explicit <refspec> parameter on
	       the command line, git pull will fetch all the <refspec>s it
	       finds in the remote.<repository>.fetch configuration and merge
	       only the first <refspec> found into the current branch. This is
	       because making an Octopus from remote refs is rarely done,
	       while keeping track of multiple remote heads in one-go by
	       fetching more than one is often useful.

GIT URLS
       In general, URLs contain information about the transport protocol, the
       address of the remote server, and the path to the repository. Depending
       on the transport protocol, some of this information may be absent.

       Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp, and
       ftps can be used for fetching, but this is inefficient and deprecated;
       do not use it).

       The native transport (i.e. git:// URL) does no authentication and
       should be used with caution on unsecured networks.

       The following syntaxes may be used with them:

       o   ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/

       o   git://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/

       o   http[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/

       o   ftp[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/

       An alternative scp-like syntax may also be used with the ssh protocol:

       o   [user@]host.xz:path/to/repo.git/

       This syntax is only recognized if there are no slashes before the first
       colon. This helps differentiate a local path that contains a colon. For
       example the local path foo:bar could be specified as an absolute path
       or ./foo:bar to avoid being misinterpreted as an ssh url.

       The ssh and git protocols additionally support ~username expansion:

       o   ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/

       o   git://host.xz[:port]/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/

       o   [user@]host.xz:/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/

       For local repositories, also supported by Git natively, the following
       syntaxes may be used:

       o   /path/to/repo.git/

       o   file:///path/to/repo.git/

       These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except when cloning, when the
       former implies --local option. See git-clone(1) for details.

       git clone, git fetch and git pull, but not git push, will also accept a
       suitable bundle file. See git-bundle(1).

       When Git doesn't know how to handle a certain transport protocol, it
       attempts to use the remote-<transport> remote helper, if one exists. To
       explicitly request a remote helper, the following syntax may be used:

       o   <transport>::<address>

       where <address> may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary
       URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being invoked.
       See gitremote-helpers(7) for details.

       If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and
       you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you use
       will be rewritten into URLs that work), you can create a configuration
       section of the form:

		   [url "<actual url base>"]
			   insteadOf = <other url base>


       For example, with this:

		   [url "git://git.host.xz/"]
			   insteadOf = host.xz:/path/to/
			   insteadOf = work:


       a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be
       rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be
       "git://git.host.xz/repo.git".

       If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a
       configuration section of the form:

		   [url "<actual url base>"]
			   pushInsteadOf = <other url base>


       For example, with this:

		   [url "ssh://example.org/"]
			   pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/


       a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to
       "ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still
       use the original URL.

REMOTES
       The name of one of the following can be used instead of a URL as
       <repository> argument:

       o   a remote in the Git configuration file: $GIT_DIR/config,

       o   a file in the $GIT_DIR/remotes directory, or

       o   a file in the $GIT_DIR/branches directory.

       All of these also allow you to omit the refspec from the command line
       because they each contain a refspec which git will use by default.

   Named remote in configuration file
       You can choose to provide the name of a remote which you had previously
       configured using git-remote(1), git-config(1) or even by a manual edit
       to the $GIT_DIR/config file. The URL of this remote will be used to
       access the repository. The refspec of this remote will be used by
       default when you do not provide a refspec on the command line. The
       entry in the config file would appear like this:

		   [remote "<name>"]
			   url = <URL>
			   pushurl = <pushurl>
			   push = <refspec>
			   fetch = <refspec>


       The <pushurl> is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults to
       <URL>.

   Named file in $GIT_DIR/remotes
       You can choose to provide the name of a file in $GIT_DIR/remotes. The
       URL in this file will be used to access the repository. The refspec in
       this file will be used as default when you do not provide a refspec on
       the command line. This file should have the following format:

		   URL: one of the above URL format
		   Push: <refspec>
		   Pull: <refspec>


       Push: lines are used by git push and Pull: lines are used by git pull
       and git fetch. Multiple Push: and Pull: lines may be specified for
       additional branch mappings.

   Named file in $GIT_DIR/branches
       You can choose to provide the name of a file in $GIT_DIR/branches. The
       URL in this file will be used to access the repository. This file
       should have the following format:

		   <URL>#<head>


       <URL> is required; #<head> is optional.

       Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following refspecs,
       if you don't provide one on the command line. <branch> is the name of
       this file in $GIT_DIR/branches and <head> defaults to master.

       git fetch uses:

		   refs/heads/<head>:refs/heads/<branch>


       git push uses:

		   HEAD:refs/heads/<head>


MERGE STRATEGIES
       The merge mechanism (git merge and git pull commands) allows the
       backend merge strategies to be chosen with -s option. Some strategies
       can also take their own options, which can be passed by giving
       -X<option> arguments to git merge and/or git pull.

       ort
	   This is the default merge strategy when pulling or merging one
	   branch. This strategy can only resolve two heads using a 3-way
	   merge algorithm. When there is more than one common ancestor that
	   can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a merged tree of the common
	   ancestors and uses that as the reference tree for the 3-way merge.
	   This has been reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without
	   causing mismerges by tests done on actual merge commits taken from
	   Linux 2.6 kernel development history. Additionally this strategy
	   can detect and handle merges involving renames. It does not make
	   use of detected copies. The name for this algorithm is an acronym
	   ("Ostensibly Recursive's Twin") and came from the fact that it was
	   written as a replacement for the previous default algorithm,
	   recursive.

	   The ort strategy can take the following options:

	   ours
	       This option forces conflicting hunks to be auto-resolved
	       cleanly by favoring our version. Changes from the other tree
	       that do not conflict with our side are reflected in the merge
	       result. For a binary file, the entire contents are taken from
	       our side.

	       This should not be confused with the ours merge strategy, which
	       does not even look at what the other tree contains at all. It
	       discards everything the other tree did, declaring our history
	       contains all that happened in it.

	   theirs
	       This is the opposite of ours; note that, unlike ours, there is
	       no theirs merge strategy to confuse this merge option with.

	   ignore-space-change, ignore-all-space, ignore-space-at-eol,
	   ignore-cr-at-eol
	       Treats lines with the indicated type of whitespace change as
	       unchanged for the sake of a three-way merge. Whitespace changes
	       mixed with other changes to a line are not ignored. See also
	       git-diff(1)-b, -w, --ignore-space-at-eol, and
	       --ignore-cr-at-eol.

	       o   If their version only introduces whitespace changes to a
		   line, our version is used;

	       o   If our version introduces whitespace changes but their
		   version includes a substantial change, their version is
		   used;

	       o   Otherwise, the merge proceeds in the usual way.

	   renormalize
	       This runs a virtual check-out and check-in of all three stages
	       of a file when resolving a three-way merge. This option is
	       meant to be used when merging branches with different clean
	       filters or end-of-line normalization rules. See "Merging
	       branches with differing checkin/checkout attributes" in
	       gitattributes(5) for details.

	   no-renormalize
	       Disables the renormalize option. This overrides the
	       merge.renormalize configuration variable.

	   find-renames[=<n>]
	       Turn on rename detection, optionally setting the similarity
	       threshold. This is the default. This overrides the
	       merge.renames configuration variable. See also git-
	       diff(1)--find-renames.

	   rename-threshold=<n>
	       Deprecated synonym for find-renames=<n>.

	   subtree[=<path>]
	       This option is a more advanced form of subtree strategy, where
	       the strategy makes a guess on how two trees must be shifted to
	       match with each other when merging. Instead, the specified path
	       is prefixed (or stripped from the beginning) to make the shape
	       of two trees to match.

       recursive
	   This can only resolve two heads using a 3-way merge algorithm. When
	   there is more than one common ancestor that can be used for 3-way
	   merge, it creates a merged tree of the common ancestors and uses
	   that as the reference tree for the 3-way merge. This has been
	   reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without causing
	   mismerges by tests done on actual merge commits taken from Linux
	   2.6 kernel development history. Additionally this can detect and
	   handle merges involving renames. It does not make use of detected
	   copies. This was the default strategy for resolving two heads from
	   Git v0.99.9k until v2.33.0.

	   The recursive strategy takes the same options as ort. However,
	   there are three additional options that ort ignores (not documented
	   above) that are potentially useful with the recursive strategy:

	   patience
	       Deprecated synonym for diff-algorithm=patience.

	   diff-algorithm=[patience|minimal|histogram|myers]
	       Use a different diff algorithm while merging, which can help
	       avoid mismerges that occur due to unimportant matching lines
	       (such as braces from distinct functions). See also git-
	       diff(1)--diff-algorithm. Note that ort specifically uses
	       diff-algorithm=histogram, while recursive defaults to the
	       diff.algorithm config setting.

	   no-renames
	       Turn off rename detection. This overrides the merge.renames
	       configuration variable. See also git-diff(1)--no-renames.

       resolve
	   This can only resolve two heads (i.e. the current branch and
	   another branch you pulled from) using a 3-way merge algorithm. It
	   tries to carefully detect criss-cross merge ambiguities. It does
	   not handle renames.

       octopus
	   This resolves cases with more than two heads, but refuses to do a
	   complex merge that needs manual resolution. It is primarily meant
	   to be used for bundling topic branch heads together. This is the
	   default merge strategy when pulling or merging more than one
	   branch.

       ours
	   This resolves any number of heads, but the resulting tree of the
	   merge is always that of the current branch head, effectively
	   ignoring all changes from all other branches. It is meant to be
	   used to supersede old development history of side branches. Note
	   that this is different from the -Xours option to the recursive
	   merge strategy.

       subtree
	   This is a modified ort strategy. When merging trees A and B, if B
	   corresponds to a subtree of A, B is first adjusted to match the
	   tree structure of A, instead of reading the trees at the same
	   level. This adjustment is also done to the common ancestor tree.

       With the strategies that use 3-way merge (including the default, ort),
       if a change is made on both branches, but later reverted on one of the
       branches, that change will be present in the merged result; some people
       find this behavior confusing. It occurs because only the heads and the
       merge base are considered when performing a merge, not the individual
       commits. The merge algorithm therefore considers the reverted change as
       no change at all, and substitutes the changed version instead.

DEFAULT BEHAVIOUR
       Often people use git pull without giving any parameter. Traditionally,
       this has been equivalent to saying git pull origin. However, when
       configuration branch.<name>.remote is present while on branch <name>,
       that value is used instead of origin.

       In order to determine what URL to use to fetch from, the value of the
       configuration remote.<origin>.url is consulted and if there is not any
       such variable, the value on the URL: line in $GIT_DIR/remotes/<origin>
       is used.

       In order to determine what remote branches to fetch (and optionally
       store in the remote-tracking branches) when the command is run without
       any refspec parameters on the command line, values of the configuration
       variable remote.<origin>.fetch are consulted, and if there aren't any,
       $GIT_DIR/remotes/<origin> is consulted and its Pull: lines are used. In
       addition to the refspec formats described in the OPTIONS section, you
       can have a globbing refspec that looks like this:

	   refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*


       A globbing refspec must have a non-empty RHS (i.e. must store what were
       fetched in remote-tracking branches), and its LHS and RHS must end with
       /*. The above specifies that all remote branches are tracked using
       remote-tracking branches in refs/remotes/origin/ hierarchy under the
       same name.

       The rule to determine which remote branch to merge after fetching is a
       bit involved, in order not to break backward compatibility.

       If explicit refspecs were given on the command line of git pull, they
       are all merged.

       When no refspec was given on the command line, then git pull uses the
       refspec from the configuration or $GIT_DIR/remotes/<origin>. In such
       cases, the following rules apply:

	1. If branch.<name>.merge configuration for the current branch <name>
	   exists, that is the name of the branch at the remote site that is
	   merged.

	2. If the refspec is a globbing one, nothing is merged.

	3. Otherwise the remote branch of the first refspec is merged.

EXAMPLES
       o   Update the remote-tracking branches for the repository you cloned
	   from, then merge one of them into your current branch:

	       $ git pull
	       $ git pull origin

	   Normally the branch merged in is the HEAD of the remote repository,
	   but the choice is determined by the branch.<name>.remote and
	   branch.<name>.merge options; see git-config(1) for details.

       o   Merge into the current branch the remote branch next:

	       $ git pull origin next

	   This leaves a copy of next temporarily in FETCH_HEAD, and updates
	   the remote-tracking branch origin/next. The same can be done by
	   invoking fetch and merge:

	       $ git fetch origin
	       $ git merge origin/next


       If you tried a pull which resulted in complex conflicts and would want
       to start over, you can recover with git reset.

SECURITY
       The fetch and push protocols are not designed to prevent one side from
       stealing data from the other repository that was not intended to be
       shared. If you have private data that you need to protect from a
       malicious peer, your best option is to store it in another repository.
       This applies to both clients and servers. In particular, namespaces on
       a server are not effective for read access control; you should only
       grant read access to a namespace to clients that you would trust with
       read access to the entire repository.

       The known attack vectors are as follows:

	1. The victim sends "have" lines advertising the IDs of objects it has
	   that are not explicitly intended to be shared but can be used to
	   optimize the transfer if the peer also has them. The attacker
	   chooses an object ID X to steal and sends a ref to X, but isn't
	   required to send the content of X because the victim already has
	   it. Now the victim believes that the attacker has X, and it sends
	   the content of X back to the attacker later. (This attack is most
	   straightforward for a client to perform on a server, by creating a
	   ref to X in the namespace the client has access to and then
	   fetching it. The most likely way for a server to perform it on a
	   client is to "merge" X into a public branch and hope that the user
	   does additional work on this branch and pushes it back to the
	   server without noticing the merge.)

	2. As in #1, the attacker chooses an object ID X to steal. The victim
	   sends an object Y that the attacker already has, and the attacker
	   falsely claims to have X and not Y, so the victim sends Y as a
	   delta against X. The delta reveals regions of X that are similar to
	   Y to the attacker.

BUGS
       Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already
       checked out submodules right now. When e.g. upstream added a new
       submodule in the just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule
       itself cannot be fetched, making it impossible to check out that
       submodule later without having to do a fetch again. This is expected to
       be fixed in a future Git version.

SEE ALSO
       git-fetch(1), git-merge(1), git-config(1)

GIT
       Part of the git(1) suite



Git 2.38.4			  05/16/2024			   GIT-PULL(1)