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TUNE2FS(8)		    System Manager's Manual		    TUNE2FS(8)



NAME
       tune2fs	-  adjust  tunable  filesystem	parameters  on	ext2/ext3/ext4
       filesystems

SYNOPSIS
       tune2fs [ -l ] [ -c max-mount-counts ] [ -e errors-behavior ] [ -f ]  [
       -i interval-between-checks ] [ -I new_inode_size ] [ -j ] [ -J journal-
       options ] [ -m reserved-blocks-percentage ] [ -o [^]mount-options[,...]
       ]  [ -p mmp_update_interval ] [ -r reserved-blocks-count ] [ -s sparse-
       super-flag ] [ -u user ] [ -g group ] [ -C mount-count ] [ -E extended-
       options	]  [  -L  volume-label	]  [  -M last-mounted-directory ] [ -O
       [^]feature[,...]	 ] [ -Q quota-options ] [ -T time-last-checked ] [  -U
       UUID ] [ -z undo_file ] device

DESCRIPTION
       tune2fs	allows	the  system  administrator  to	adjust various tunable
       filesystem parameters on Linux ext2, ext3, or  ext4  filesystems.   The
       current values of these options can be displayed by using the -l option
       to tune2fs(8) program, or by using the dumpe2fs(8) program.

       The device specifier can either be a filename (i.e., /dev/sda1),	 or  a
       LABEL  or  UUID specifier: "LABEL=volume-label" or "UUID=uuid".	(i.e.,
       LABEL=home or UUID=e40486c6-84d5-4f2f-b99c-032281799c9d).

OPTIONS
       -c max-mount-counts
	      Adjust the number of mounts after which the filesystem  will  be
	      checked  by e2fsck(8).  If max-mount-counts is 0 or -1, the num-
	      ber of times the filesystem is mounted will  be  disregarded  by
	      e2fsck(8) and the kernel.

	      Staggering  the  mount-counts  at which filesystems are forcibly
	      checked will avoid all filesystems being	checked	 at  one  time
	      when using journaled filesystems.

	      Mount-count-dependent  checking  is disabled by default to avoid
	      unanticipated long reboots while e2fsck does its work.  However,
	      you  may	wish  to consider the consequences of disabling mount-
	      count-dependent checking entirely.   Bad	disk  drives,  cables,
	      memory,  and  kernel bugs could all corrupt a filesystem without
	      marking the filesystem dirty or in  error.   If  you  are	 using
	      journaling  on  your  filesystem,	 your filesystem will never be
	      marked dirty, so it will not normally be checked.	 A  filesystem
	      error  detected  by  the	kernel will still force an fsck on the
	      next reboot, but it may already be too late to prevent data loss
	      at that point.

	      See also the -i option for time-dependent checking.

       -C mount-count
	      Set the number of times the filesystem has been mounted.	If set
	      to a greater value than the max-mount-counts  parameter  set  by
	      the  -c  option, e2fsck(8) will check the filesystem at the next
	      reboot.

       -e error-behavior
	      Change the behavior of the kernel code when errors are detected.
	      In  all  cases, a filesystem error will cause e2fsck(8) to check
	      the filesystem on the next boot.	error-behavior can be  one  of
	      the following:

		   continue    Continue normal execution.

		   remount-ro  Remount filesystem read-only.

		   panic       Cause a kernel panic.

       -E extended-options
	      Set  extended  options for the filesystem.  Extended options are
	      comma separated, and may take an argument using the equals ('=')
	      sign.  The following extended options are supported:

		   clear_mmp
			  Reset	 the  MMP  block  (if  any)  back to the clean
			  state.  Use only if absolutely certain the device is
			  not  currently  mounted  or  being  fscked, or major
			  filesystem corruption can result.  Needs '-f'.

		   mmp_update_interval=interval
			  Adjust the initial MMP update interval  to  interval
			  seconds.   Specifying	 an interval of 0 means to use
			  the default interval.	 The specified	interval  must
			  be  less  than  300  seconds.	 Requires that the mmp
			  feature be enabled.

		   stride=stride-size
			  Configure the	 filesystem  for  a  RAID  array  with
			  stride-size filesystem blocks. This is the number of
			  blocks read or written to disk before moving to next
			  disk.	 This  mostly  affects placement of filesystem
			  metadata like bitmaps at  mke2fs(2)  time  to	 avoid
			  placing  them	 on  a single disk, which can hurt the
			  performance.	It may also be used by	block  alloca-
			  tor.

		   stripe_width=stripe-width
			  Configure  the  filesystem  for  a  RAID  array with
			  stripe-width filesystem blocks per stripe.  This  is
			  typically  be stride-size * N, where N is the number
			  of data disks in the RAID (e.g. RAID 5 N+1,  RAID  6
			  N+2).	  This	allows	the block allocator to prevent
			  read-modify-write of the parity in a RAID stripe  if
			  possible when the data is written.

		   hash_alg=hash-alg
			  Set  the default hash algorithm used for filesystems
			  with hashed b-tree  directories.   Valid  algorithms
			  accepted are: legacy, half_md4, and tea.

		   mount_opts=mount_option_string
			  Set  a  set  of  default mount options which will be
			  used when the file system is	mounted.   Unlike  the
			  bitmask-based	 default  mount	 options  which can be
			  specified with the -o option, mount_option_string is
			  an  arbitrary	 string	 with  a  maximum length of 63
			  bytes, which is stored in the superblock.

			  The ext4 file system driver  will  first  apply  the
			  bitmask-based	 default  options,  and then parse the
			  mount_option_string,	before	 parsing   the	 mount
			  options passed from the mount(8) program.

			  This	superblock  setting is only honored in 2.6.35+
			  kernels; and not at all by the ext2  and  ext3  file
			  system drivers.

		   test_fs
			  Set  a  flag in the filesystem superblock indicating
			  that it may be  mounted  using  experimental	kernel
			  code, such as the ext4dev filesystem.

		   ^test_fs
			  Clear	 the  test_fs  flag, indicating the filesystem
			  should  only	be  mounted   using   production-level
			  filesystem code.

       -f     Force  the  tune2fs  operation  to  complete even in the face of
	      errors.  This option is useful  when  removing  the  has_journal
	      filesystem feature from a filesystem which has an external jour-
	      nal (or is corrupted such that it appears to  have  an  external
	      journal),	 but  that external journal is not available.	If the
	      filesystem appears to require journal replay, the -f  flag  must
	      be specified twice to proceed.

	      WARNING:	Removing  an  external journal from a filesystem which
	      was not cleanly unmounted without first replaying	 the  external
	      journal  can  result  in severe data loss and filesystem corrup-
	      tion.

       -g group
	      Set the group which can use the reserved filesystem blocks.  The
	      group  parameter	can  be a numerical gid or a group name.  If a
	      group name is given, it is converted to a numerical  gid	before
	      it is stored in the superblock.

       -i  interval-between-checks[d|m|w]
	      Adjust  the maximal time between two filesystem checks.  No suf-
	      fix or d will interpret the  number  interval-between-checks  as
	      days, m as months, and w as weeks.  A value of zero will disable
	      the time-dependent checking.

	      There are pros and cons to disabling these periodic checks;  see
	      the discussion under the -c (mount-count-dependent check) option
	      for details.

       -I     Change the inode size used by the file system.	This  requires
	      rewriting	 the  inode table, so it requires that the file system
	      is checked for consistency first using e2fsck(8).	  This	opera-
	      tion  can also take a while and the file system can be corrupted
	      and data lost if it is interrupted while in the middle  of  con-
	      verting the file system.

       -j     Add  an ext3 journal to the filesystem.  If the -J option is not
	      specified, the default journal parameters will be used to create
	      an  appropriately	 sized journal (given the size of the filesys-
	      tem) stored within the filesystem.  Note that you must be	 using
	      a kernel which has ext3 support in order to actually make use of
	      the journal.

	      If this option is used to create a journal on a mounted filesys-
	      tem,  an	immutable  file, .journal, will be created in the top-
	      level directory of the filesystem, as it is the only safe way to
	      create the journal inode while the filesystem is mounted.	 While
	      the ext3 journal is visible, it is not safe  to  delete  it,  or
	      modify  it  while the filesystem is mounted; for this reason the
	      file is marked immutable.	 While checking unmounted filesystems,
	      e2fsck(8)	 will automatically move .journal files to the invisi-
	      ble, reserved journal inode.  For all filesystems except for the
	      root filesystem,	this should happen automatically and naturally
	      during the next reboot cycle.   Since  the  root	filesystem  is
	      mounted read-only, e2fsck(8) must be run from a rescue floppy in
	      order to effect this transition.

	      On some distributions, such as Debian, if an initial ramdisk  is
	      used, the initrd scripts will automatically convert an ext2 root
	      filesystem to ext3 if the /etc/fstab  file  specifies  the  ext3
	      filesystem  for  the root filesystem in order to avoid requiring
	      the use of a rescue floppy to add an ext3 journal	 to  the  root
	      filesystem.

       -J journal-options
	      Override	the  default  ext3 journal parameters. Journal options
	      are comma separated, and may take an argument using  the	equals
	      ('=')  sign.  The following journal options are supported:

		   size=journal-size
			  Create  a  journal  stored in the filesystem of size
			  journal-size megabytes.   The size  of  the  journal
			  must	be  at least 1024 filesystem blocks (i.e., 1MB
			  if using 1k blocks, 4MB if using  4k	blocks,	 etc.)
			  and  may  be	no  more  than	10,240,000  filesystem
			  blocks.  There must be  enough  free	space  in  the
			  filesystem to create a journal of that size.

		   location=journal-location
			  Specify  the	location of the journal.  The argument
			  journal-location can either be specified as a	 block
			  number,  or  if the number has a units suffix (e.g.,
			  'M', 'G', etc.) interpret it as the offset from  the
			  beginning of the file system.

		   device=external-journal
			  Attach  the  filesystem  to the journal block device
			  located on external-journal.	The  external  journal
			  must have been already created using the command

			  mke2fs -O journal_dev external-journal

			  Note	that  external-journal	must be formatted with
			  the same block size as  filesystems  which  will  be
			  using	 it.   In addition, while there is support for
			  attaching multiple filesystems to a single  external
			  journal,  the Linux kernel and e2fsck(8) do not cur-
			  rently support shared external journals yet.

			  Instead of specifying a device name directly, exter-
			  nal-journal	can   also   be	 specified  by	either
			  LABEL=label or  UUID=UUID  to	 locate	 the  external
			  journal by either the volume label or UUID stored in
			  the ext2 superblock at the  start  of	 the  journal.
			  Use dumpe2fs(8) to display a journal device's volume
			  label	 and  UUID.   See  also	 the  -L   option   of
			  tune2fs(8).

	      Only  one	 of  the  size	or  device  options can be given for a
	      filesystem.

       -l     List the contents of the filesystem  superblock,	including  the
	      current  values  of the parameters that can be set via this pro-
	      gram.

       -L volume-label
	      Set the volume label of the filesystem.  Ext2 filesystem	labels
	      can  be  at  most	 16 characters long; if volume-label is longer
	      than 16 characters, tune2fs will truncate it and print  a	 warn-
	      ing.   The  volume  label	 can be used by mount(8), fsck(8), and
	      /etc/fstab(5) (and possibly others) by specifying	 LABEL=volume-
	      label instead of a block special device name like /dev/hda5.

       -m reserved-blocks-percentage
	      Set the percentage of the filesystem which may only be allocated
	      by privileged processes.	 Reserving some number	of  filesystem
	      blocks for use by privileged processes is done to avoid filesys-
	      tem fragmentation, and to allow system  daemons,	such  as  sys-
	      logd(8),	to continue to function correctly after non-privileged
	      processes are prevented from writing to  the  filesystem.	  Nor-
	      mally, the default percentage of reserved blocks is 5%.

       -M last-mounted-directory
	      Set the last-mounted directory for the filesystem.

       -o [^]mount-option[,...]
	      Set or clear the indicated default mount options in the filesys-
	      tem.  Default mount options can be overridden by	mount  options
	      specified	 either	 in /etc/fstab(5) or on the command line argu-
	      ments to mount(8).  Older kernels may not support this  feature;
	      in  particular,  kernels	which  predate 2.4.20 will almost cer-
	      tainly ignore the default mount options field in the superblock.

	      More than one mount option can be cleared or set	by  separating
	      features with commas.  Mount options prefixed with a caret char-
	      acter ('^') will be  cleared  in	the  filesystem's  superblock;
	      mount options without a prefix character or prefixed with a plus
	      character ('+') will be added to the filesystem.

	      The following mount options can be set or cleared using tune2fs:

		   debug  Enable debugging code for this filesystem.

		   bsdgroups
			  Emulate BSD behavior when creating new  files:  they
			  will	take  the  group-id  of the directory in which
			  they were created.  The standard System  V  behavior
			  is  the  default,  where newly created files take on
			  the fsgid of the current process, unless the	direc-
			  tory	has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes
			  the gid from the parent directory, and also gets the
			  setgid bit set if it is a directory itself.

		   user_xattr
			  Enable user-specified extended attributes.

		   acl	  Enable Posix Access Control Lists.

		   uid16  Disables 32-bit UIDs and GIDs.  This is for interop-
			  erability with older kernels which  only  store  and
			  expect 16-bit values.

		   journal_data
			  When	the  filesystem	 is  mounted  with journalling
			  enabled, all data (not just metadata)	 is  committed
			  into	the  journal  prior  to being written into the
			  main filesystem.

		   journal_data_ordered
			  When the  filesystem	is  mounted  with  journalling
			  enabled, all data is forced directly out to the main
			  file system prior to its metadata being committed to
			  the journal.

		   journal_data_writeback
			  When	the  filesystem	 is  mounted  with journalling
			  enabled, data may be written into the main  filesys-
			  tem  after  its  metadata  has been committed to the
			  journal.  This may increase throughput, however,  it
			  may  allow old data to appear in files after a crash
			  and journal recovery.

		   nobarrier
			  The file system will be mounted with barrier	opera-
			  tions in the journal disabled.  (This option is cur-
			  rently only supported by the ext4 file system driver
			  in 2.6.35+ kernels.)

		   block_validity
			  The	file   system	will   be   mounted  with  the
			  block_validity option enabled,  which	 causes	 extra
			  checks to be performed after reading or writing from
			  the file system.  This prevents  corrupted  metadata
			  blocks  from causing file system damage by overwrit-
			  ing parts of the inode table or block group descrip-
			  tors.	  This	comes  at the cost of increased memory
			  and CPU overhead, so it is enabled only  for	debug-
			  ging	purposes.  (This option is currently only sup-
			  ported by the ext4 file  system  driver  in  2.6.35+
			  kernels.)

		   discard
			  The  file  system  will  be mounted with the discard
			  mount option.	  This	will  cause  the  file	system
			  driver to attempt to use the trim/discard feature of
			  some storage devices (such as SSD's and  thin-provi-
			  sioned  drives  available in some enterprise storage
			  arrays) to inform the	 storage  device  that	blocks
			  belonging  to	 deleted files can be reused for other
			  purposes.  (This option is currently only  supported
			  by the ext4 file system driver in 2.6.35+ kernels.)

		   nodelalloc
			  The  file system will be mounted with the nodelalloc
			  mount option.	 This will disable the delayed alloca-
			  tion	feature.   (This option is currently only sup-
			  ported by the ext4 file  system  driver  in  2.6.35+
			  kernels.)

       -O [^]feature[,...]
	      Set  or clear the indicated filesystem features (options) in the
	      filesystem.  More than one filesystem feature can be cleared  or
	      set  by  separating  features  with commas.  Filesystem features
	      prefixed with a caret character ('^') will  be  cleared  in  the
	      filesystem's  superblock;	 filesystem  features without a prefix
	      character or prefixed with a plus character ('+') will be	 added
	      to  the filesystem.  For a detailed description of the file sys-
	      tem features, please see the man page ext4(5).

	      The following filesystem features can be set  or	cleared	 using
	      tune2fs:

		   dir_index
			  Use  hashed  b-trees	to  speed up lookups for large
			  directories.

		   dir_nlink
			  Allow more than 65000 subdirectories per directory.

		   encrypt
			  Enable file system level encryption.	 Tune2fs  cur-
			  rently  only	supports  setting this filesystem fea-
			  ture.

		   extent Enable the use of extent trees to store the location
			  of  data  blocks  in inodes.	Tune2fs currently only
			  supports setting this filesystem feature.

		   extra_isize
			  Enable the extended inode fields used by ext4.

		   filetype
			  Store file type information in directory entries.

		   flex_bg
			  Allow bitmaps and inode tables for a block group  to
			  be  placed  anywhere	on the storage media.  Tune2fs
			  will not reorganize the location of the inode tables
			  and allocation bitmaps, as mke2fs(8) will do when it
			  creates a freshly formatted file system with flex_bg
			  enabled.

		   has_journal
			  Use  a journal to ensure filesystem consistency even
			  across unclean shutdowns.   Setting  the  filesystem
			  feature is equivalent to using the -j option.

		   huge_file
			  Support files larger than 2 terabytes in size.

		   large_file
			  Filesystem  can  contain files that are greater than
			  2GB.

		   metadata_csum
			  Store a checksum to protect  the  contents  in  each
			  metadata block.

		   mmp	  Enable  or  disable  multiple mount protection (MMP)
			  feature.

		   project
			  Enable  project  ID  tracking.   This	 is  used  for
			  project quota tracking.

		   quota  Enable internal file system quota inodes.

		   read-only
			  Force the kernel to mount the file system read-only.

		   resize_inode
			  Reserve  space  so  the block group descriptor table
			  may grow  in	the  future.   Tune2fs	only  supports
			  clearing this filesystem feature.

		   sparse_super
			  Limit the number of backup superblocks to save space
			  on large filesystems.	 Tune2fs currently  only  sup-
			  ports setting this filesystem feature.

		   uninit_bg
			  Allow	 the  kernel  to  initialize bitmaps and inode
			  tables lazily, and to keep a high watermark for  the
			  unused  inodes  in a filesystem, to reduce e2fsck(8)
			  time.	 The first e2fsck run after enabling this fea-
			  ture	will take the full time, but subsequent e2fsck
			  runs will take only a fraction of the original time,
			  depending on how full the file system is.

	      After  setting or clearing sparse_super, uninit_bg, filetype, or
	      resize_inode filesystem features, the file  system  may  require
	      being checked using e2fsck(8) to return the filesystem to a con-
	      sistent state.  Tune2fs will print a message requesting that the
	      system  administrator run e2fsck(8) if necessary.	 After setting
	      the dir_index feature, e2fsck -D can be run to convert  existing
	      directories  to  the  hashed  B-tree  format.   Enabling certain
	      filesystem  features  may	 prevent  the  filesystem  from	 being
	      mounted by kernels which do not support those features.  In par-
	      ticular, the uninit_bg and flex_bg features are  only  supported
	      by the ext4 filesystem.

       -p mmp_check_interval
	      Set  the	desired MMP check interval in seconds. It is 5 seconds
	      by default.

       -r reserved-blocks-count
	      Set the number of reserved filesystem blocks.

       -Q quota-options
	      Sets 'quota' feature on the superblock and works	on  the	 quota
	      files  for  the  given quota type. Quota options could be one or
	      more of the following:

		   [^]usrquota
			  Sets/clears user quota inode in the superblock.

		   [^]grpquota
			  Sets/clears group quota inode in the superblock.

		   [^]prjquota
			  Sets/clears project quota inode in the superblock.

       -T time-last-checked
	      Set the time the filesystem was last checked using e2fsck.   The
	      time  is	interpreted  using the current (local) timezone.  This
	      can be useful in scripts which use a Logical Volume  Manager  to
	      make  a  consistent snapshot of a filesystem, and then check the
	      filesystem during off hours to make sure	it  hasn't  been  cor-
	      rupted  due  to  hardware	 problems, etc.	 If the filesystem was
	      clean, then this option can be used to set the last checked time
	      on  the original filesystem.  The format of time-last-checked is
	      the international date format, with an optional time  specifier,
	      i.e.   YYYYMMDD[HH[MM[SS]]].   The keyword now is also accepted,
	      in which case the last checked time will be set to  the  current
	      time.

       -u user
	      Set  the	user who can use the reserved filesystem blocks.  user
	      can be a numerical uid or a user name.  If a user name is given,
	      it  is  converted	 to a numerical uid before it is stored in the
	      superblock.

       -U UUID
	      Set the universally unique identifier (UUID) of  the  filesystem
	      to UUID.	The format of the UUID is a series of hex digits sepa-
	      rated	     by		 hyphens,	   like		 this:
	      "c1b9d5a2-f162-11cf-9ece-0020afc76f16".	The UUID parameter may
	      also be one of the following:

		   clear  clear the filesystem UUID

		   random generate a new randomly-generated UUID

		   time	  generate a new time-based UUID

	      The UUID may be used by  mount(8),  fsck(8),  and	 /etc/fstab(5)
	      (and possibly others) by specifying UUID=uuid instead of a block
	      special device name like /dev/hda1.

	      See uuidgen(8) for more information.  If	the  system  does  not
	      have  a  good  random  number  generator	such as /dev/random or
	      /dev/urandom, tune2fs will automatically use a  time-based  UUID
	      instead of a randomly-generated UUID.

       -z undo_file
	      Before  overwriting  a file system block, write the old contents
	      of the block to an undo file.  This undo file can be  used  with
	      e2undo(8)	 to restore the old contents of the file system should
	      something go wrong.  If  the  empty  string  is  passed  as  the
	      undo_file	 argument,  the	 undo  file  will be written to a file
	      named tune2fs-device.e2undo in the directory specified  via  the
	      E2FSPROGS_UNDO_DIR environment variable.

	      WARNING: The undo file cannot be used to recover from a power or
	      system crash.

BUGS
       We haven't found any bugs yet.  That doesn't mean there aren't any...

AUTHOR
       tune2fs was written by Remy Card	 <Remy.Card@linux.org>.	  It  is  cur-
       rently being maintained by Theodore Ts'o <tytso@alum.mit.edu>.  tune2fs
       uses the ext2fs library written by Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>.  This
       manual  page  was  written  by  Christian Kuhtz <chk@data-hh.Hanse.DE>.
       Time-dependent checking was added by Uwe Ohse <uwe@tirka.gun.de>.

AVAILABILITY
       tune2fs is  part	 of  the  e2fsprogs  package  and  is  available  from
       http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net.

SEE ALSO
       debugfs(8), dumpe2fs(8), e2fsck(8), mke2fs(8), ext4(5)



E2fsprogs version 1.43.5	  August 2017			    TUNE2FS(8)