GIT(1)				  Git Manual				GIT(1)



NAME
       git - the stupid content tracker

SYNOPSIS
       git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
	   [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
	   [-p|--paginate|-P|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
	   [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
	   [--super-prefix=<path>] [--config-env=<name>=<envvar>]
	   <command> [<args>]


DESCRIPTION
       Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
       unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and
       full access to internals.

       See gittutorial(7) to get started, then see giteveryday(7) for a useful
       minimum set of commands. The Git User's Manual[1] has a more in-depth
       introduction.

       After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this page
       to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about individual
       Git commands with "git help command". gitcli(7) manual page gives you
       an overview of the command-line command syntax.

       A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation can be
       viewed at https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html or
       https://git-scm.com/docs.

OPTIONS
       -v, --version
	   Prints the Git suite version that the git program came from.

	   This option is internally converted to git version ...  and accepts
	   the same options as the git-version(1) command. If --help is also
	   given, it takes precedence over --version.

       -h, --help
	   Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used commands.
	   If the option --all or -a is given then all available commands are
	   printed. If a Git command is named this option will bring up the
	   manual page for that command.

	   Other options are available to control how the manual page is
	   displayed. See git-help(1) for more information, because git --help
	   ...	is converted internally into git help ....

       -C <path>
	   Run as if git was started in <path> instead of the current working
	   directory. When multiple -C options are given, each subsequent
	   non-absolute -C <path> is interpreted relative to the preceding -C
	   <path>. If <path> is present but empty, e.g.	 -C "", then the
	   current working directory is left unchanged.

	   This option affects options that expect path name like --git-dir
	   and --work-tree in that their interpretations of the path names
	   would be made relative to the working directory caused by the -C
	   option. For example the following invocations are equivalent:

	       git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
	       git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status

       -c <name>=<value>
	   Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value given will
	   override values from configuration files. The <name> is expected in
	   the same format as listed by git config (subkeys separated by
	   dots).

	   Note that omitting the = in git -c foo.bar ...  is allowed and sets
	   foo.bar to the boolean true value (just like [foo]bar would in a
	   config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like
	   git -c foo.bar= ...) sets foo.bar to the empty string which git
	   config --type=bool will convert to false.

       --config-env=<name>=<envvar>
	   Like -c <name>=<value>, give configuration variable <name> a value,
	   where <envvar> is the name of an environment variable from which to
	   retrieve the value. Unlike -c there is no shortcut for directly
	   setting the value to an empty string, instead the environment
	   variable itself must be set to the empty string. It is an error if
	   the <envvar> does not exist in the environment.  <envvar> may not
	   contain an equals sign to avoid ambiguity with <name> containing
	   one.

	   This is useful for cases where you want to pass transitory
	   configuration options to git, but are doing so on OS's where other
	   processes might be able to read your cmdline (e.g.
	   /proc/self/cmdline), but not your environ (e.g.
	   /proc/self/environ). That behavior is the default on Linux, but may
	   not be on your system.

	   Note that this might add security for variables such as
	   http.extraHeader where the sensitive information is part of the
	   value, but not e.g.	url.<base>.insteadOf where the sensitive
	   information can be part of the key.

       --exec-path[=<path>]
	   Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. This can
	   also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH environment
	   variable. If no path is given, git will print the current setting
	   and then exit.

       --html-path
	   Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
	   documentation is installed and exit.

       --man-path
	   Print the manpath (see man(1)) for the man pages for this version
	   of Git and exit.

       --info-path
	   Print the path where the Info files documenting this version of Git
	   are installed and exit.

       -p, --paginate
	   Pipe all output into less (or if set, $PAGER) if standard output is
	   a terminal. This overrides the pager.<cmd> configuration options
	   (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section below).

       -P, --no-pager
	   Do not pipe Git output into a pager.

       --git-dir=<path>
	   Set the path to the repository (".git" directory). This can also be
	   controlled by setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be
	   an absolute path or relative path to current working directory.

	   Specifying the location of the ".git" directory using this option
	   (or GIT_DIR environment variable) turns off the repository
	   discovery that tries to find a directory with ".git" subdirectory
	   (which is how the repository and the top-level of the working tree
	   are discovered), and tells Git that you are at the top level of the
	   working tree. If you are not at the top-level directory of the
	   working tree, you should tell Git where the top-level of the
	   working tree is, with the --work-tree=<path> option (or
	   GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable)

	   If you just want to run git as if it was started in <path> then use
	   git -C <path>.

       --work-tree=<path>
	   Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path or a
	   path relative to the current working directory. This can also be
	   controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable and
	   the core.worktree configuration variable (see core.worktree in git-
	   config(1) for a more detailed discussion).

       --namespace=<path>
	   Set the Git namespace. See gitnamespaces(7) for more details.
	   Equivalent to setting the GIT_NAMESPACE environment variable.

       --super-prefix=<path>
	   Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path
	   from above a repository down to its root. One use is to give
	   submodules context about the superproject that invoked it.

       --bare
	   Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR environment
	   is not set, it is set to the current working directory.

       --no-replace-objects
	   Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See git-
	   replace(1) for more information.

       --literal-pathspecs
	   Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
	   This is equivalent to setting the GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS environment
	   variable to 1.

       --glob-pathspecs
	   Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the
	   GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1. Disabling globbing on
	   individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec magic ":(literal)"

       --noglob-pathspecs
	   Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
	   the GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1. Enabling
	   globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec magic
	   ":(glob)"

       --icase-pathspecs
	   Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
	   the GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.

       --no-optional-locks
	   Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is
	   equivalent to setting the GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS to 0.

       --list-cmds=group[,group...]
	   List commands by group. This is an internal/experimental option and
	   may change or be removed in the future. Supported groups are:
	   builtins, parseopt (builtin commands that use parse-options), main
	   (all commands in libexec directory), others (all other commands in
	   $PATH that have git- prefix), list-<category> (see categories in
	   command-list.txt), nohelpers (exclude helper commands), alias and
	   config (retrieve command list from config variable
	   completion.commands)

GIT COMMANDS
       We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
       ("plumbing") commands.

HIGH-LEVEL COMMANDS (PORCELAIN)
       We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
       ancillary user utilities.

   Main porcelain commands
       git-add(1)
	   Add file contents to the index.

       git-am(1)
	   Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.

       git-archive(1)
	   Create an archive of files from a named tree.

       git-bisect(1)
	   Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug.

       git-branch(1)
	   List, create, or delete branches.

       git-bundle(1)
	   Move objects and refs by archive.

       git-checkout(1)
	   Switch branches or restore working tree files.

       git-cherry-pick(1)
	   Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.

       git-citool(1)
	   Graphical alternative to git-commit.

       git-clean(1)
	   Remove untracked files from the working tree.

       git-clone(1)
	   Clone a repository into a new directory.

       git-commit(1)
	   Record changes to the repository.

       git-describe(1)
	   Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref.

       git-diff(1)
	   Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.

       git-fetch(1)
	   Download objects and refs from another repository.

       git-format-patch(1)
	   Prepare patches for e-mail submission.

       git-gc(1)
	   Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.

       git-grep(1)
	   Print lines matching a pattern.

       git-gui(1)
	   A portable graphical interface to Git.

       git-init(1)
	   Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one.

       git-log(1)
	   Show commit logs.

       git-maintenance(1)
	   Run tasks to optimize Git repository data.

       git-merge(1)
	   Join two or more development histories together.

       git-mv(1)
	   Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.

       git-notes(1)
	   Add or inspect object notes.

       git-pull(1)
	   Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch.

       git-push(1)
	   Update remote refs along with associated objects.

       git-range-diff(1)
	   Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch).

       git-rebase(1)
	   Reapply commits on top of another base tip.

       git-reset(1)
	   Reset current HEAD to the specified state.

       git-restore(1)
	   Restore working tree files.

       git-revert(1)
	   Revert some existing commits.

       git-rm(1)
	   Remove files from the working tree and from the index.

       git-shortlog(1)
	   Summarize git log output.

       git-show(1)
	   Show various types of objects.

       git-sparse-checkout(1)
	   Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files.

       git-stash(1)
	   Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.

       git-status(1)
	   Show the working tree status.

       git-submodule(1)
	   Initialize, update or inspect submodules.

       git-switch(1)
	   Switch branches.

       git-tag(1)
	   Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.

       git-worktree(1)
	   Manage multiple working trees.

       gitk(1)
	   The Git repository browser.

       scalar(1)
	   A tool for managing large Git repositories.

   Ancillary Commands
       Manipulators:

       git-config(1)
	   Get and set repository or global options.

       git-fast-export(1)
	   Git data exporter.

       git-fast-import(1)
	   Backend for fast Git data importers.

       git-filter-branch(1)
	   Rewrite branches.

       git-mergetool(1)
	   Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.

       git-pack-refs(1)
	   Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.

       git-prune(1)
	   Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.

       git-reflog(1)
	   Manage reflog information.

       git-remote(1)
	   Manage set of tracked repositories.

       git-repack(1)
	   Pack unpacked objects in a repository.

       git-replace(1)
	   Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.

       Interrogators:

       git-annotate(1)
	   Annotate file lines with commit information.

       git-blame(1)
	   Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.

       git-bugreport(1)
	   Collect information for user to file a bug report.

       git-count-objects(1)
	   Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.

       git-diagnose(1)
	   Generate a zip archive of diagnostic information.

       git-difftool(1)
	   Show changes using common diff tools.

       git-fsck(1)
	   Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the
	   database.

       git-help(1)
	   Display help information about Git.

       git-instaweb(1)
	   Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.

       git-merge-tree(1)
	   Perform merge without touching index or working tree.

       git-rerere(1)
	   Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.

       git-show-branch(1)
	   Show branches and their commits.

       git-verify-commit(1)
	   Check the GPG signature of commits.

       git-verify-tag(1)
	   Check the GPG signature of tags.

       git-version(1)
	   Display version information about Git.

       git-whatchanged(1)
	   Show logs with difference each commit introduces.

       gitweb(1)
	   Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories).

   Interacting with Others
       These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other people
       via patch over e-mail.

       git-cvsexportcommit(1)
	   Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.

       git-cvsimport(1)
	   Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.

       git-cvsserver(1)
	   A CVS server emulator for Git.

       git-imap-send(1)
	   Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.

       git-p4(1)
	   Import from and submit to Perforce repositories.

       git-quiltimport(1)
	   Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.

       git-request-pull(1)
	   Generates a summary of pending changes.

       git-send-email(1)
	   Send a collection of patches as emails.

       git-svn(1)
	   Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git.

   Reset, restore and revert
       There are three commands with similar names: git reset, git restore and
       git revert.

       o   git-revert(1) is about making a new commit that reverts the changes
	   made by other commits.

       o   git-restore(1) is about restoring files in the working tree from
	   either the index or another commit. This command does not update
	   your branch. The command can also be used to restore files in the
	   index from another commit.

       o   git-reset(1) is about updating your branch, moving the tip in order
	   to add or remove commits from the branch. This operation changes
	   the commit history.

	   git reset can also be used to restore the index, overlapping with
	   git restore.

LOW-LEVEL COMMANDS (PLUMBING)
       Although Git includes its own porcelain layer, its low-level commands
       are sufficient to support development of alternative porcelains.
       Developers of such porcelains might start by reading about git-update-
       index(1) and git-read-tree(1).

       The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) to
       these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable than
       Porcelain level commands, because these commands are primarily for
       scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands on the other hand are
       subject to change in order to improve the end user experience.

       The following description divides the low-level commands into commands
       that manipulate objects (in the repository, index, and working tree),
       commands that interrogate and compare objects, and commands that move
       objects and references between repositories.

   Manipulation commands
       git-apply(1)
	   Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.

       git-checkout-index(1)
	   Copy files from the index to the working tree.

       git-commit-graph(1)
	   Write and verify Git commit-graph files.

       git-commit-tree(1)
	   Create a new commit object.

       git-hash-object(1)
	   Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file.

       git-index-pack(1)
	   Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.

       git-merge-file(1)
	   Run a three-way file merge.

       git-merge-index(1)
	   Run a merge for files needing merging.

       git-mktag(1)
	   Creates a tag object with extra validation.

       git-mktree(1)
	   Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.

       git-multi-pack-index(1)
	   Write and verify multi-pack-indexes.

       git-pack-objects(1)
	   Create a packed archive of objects.

       git-prune-packed(1)
	   Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.

       git-read-tree(1)
	   Reads tree information into the index.

       git-symbolic-ref(1)
	   Read, modify and delete symbolic refs.

       git-unpack-objects(1)
	   Unpack objects from a packed archive.

       git-update-index(1)
	   Register file contents in the working tree to the index.

       git-update-ref(1)
	   Update the object name stored in a ref safely.

       git-write-tree(1)
	   Create a tree object from the current index.

   Interrogation commands
       git-cat-file(1)
	   Provide content or type and size information for repository
	   objects.

       git-cherry(1)
	   Find commits yet to be applied to upstream.

       git-diff-files(1)
	   Compares files in the working tree and the index.

       git-diff-index(1)
	   Compare a tree to the working tree or index.

       git-diff-tree(1)
	   Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.

       git-for-each-ref(1)
	   Output information on each ref.

       git-for-each-repo(1)
	   Run a Git command on a list of repositories.

       git-get-tar-commit-id(1)
	   Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.

       git-ls-files(1)
	   Show information about files in the index and the working tree.

       git-ls-remote(1)
	   List references in a remote repository.

       git-ls-tree(1)
	   List the contents of a tree object.

       git-merge-base(1)
	   Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.

       git-name-rev(1)
	   Find symbolic names for given revs.

       git-pack-redundant(1)
	   Find redundant pack files.

       git-rev-list(1)
	   Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.

       git-rev-parse(1)
	   Pick out and massage parameters.

       git-show-index(1)
	   Show packed archive index.

       git-show-ref(1)
	   List references in a local repository.

       git-unpack-file(1)
	   Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents.

       git-var(1)
	   Show a Git logical variable.

       git-verify-pack(1)
	   Validate packed Git archive files.

       In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in the
       working tree.

   Syncing repositories
       git-daemon(1)
	   A really simple server for Git repositories.

       git-fetch-pack(1)
	   Receive missing objects from another repository.

       git-http-backend(1)
	   Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.

       git-send-pack(1)
	   Push objects over Git protocol to another repository.

       git-update-server-info(1)
	   Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.

       The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
       typically do not use them directly.

       git-http-fetch(1)
	   Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP.

       git-http-push(1)
	   Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.

       git-receive-pack(1)
	   Receive what is pushed into the repository.

       git-shell(1)
	   Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.

       git-upload-archive(1)
	   Send archive back to git-archive.

       git-upload-pack(1)
	   Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.

   Internal helper commands
       These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end users
       typically do not use them directly.

       git-check-attr(1)
	   Display gitattributes information.

       git-check-ignore(1)
	   Debug gitignore / exclude files.

       git-check-mailmap(1)
	   Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts.

       git-check-ref-format(1)
	   Ensures that a reference name is well formed.

       git-column(1)
	   Display data in columns.

       git-credential(1)
	   Retrieve and store user credentials.

       git-credential-cache(1)
	   Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory.

       git-credential-store(1)
	   Helper to store credentials on disk.

       git-fmt-merge-msg(1)
	   Produce a merge commit message.

       git-hook(1)
	   Run git hooks.

       git-interpret-trailers(1)
	   Add or parse structured information in commit messages.

       git-mailinfo(1)
	   Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.

       git-mailsplit(1)
	   Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.

       git-merge-one-file(1)
	   The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.

       git-patch-id(1)
	   Compute unique ID for a patch.

       git-sh-i18n(1)
	   Git's i18n setup code for shell scripts.

       git-sh-setup(1)
	   Common Git shell script setup code.

       git-stripspace(1)
	   Remove unnecessary whitespace.

GUIDES
       The following documentation pages are guides about Git concepts.

       gitcore-tutorial(7)
	   A Git core tutorial for developers.

       gitcredentials(7)
	   Providing usernames and passwords to Git.

       gitcvs-migration(7)
	   Git for CVS users.

       gitdiffcore(7)
	   Tweaking diff output.

       giteveryday(7)
	   A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git.

       gitfaq(7)
	   Frequently asked questions about using Git.

       gitglossary(7)
	   A Git Glossary.

       gitnamespaces(7)
	   Git namespaces.

       gitremote-helpers(7)
	   Helper programs to interact with remote repositories.

       gitsubmodules(7)
	   Mounting one repository inside another.

       gittutorial(7)
	   A tutorial introduction to Git.

       gittutorial-2(7)
	   A tutorial introduction to Git: part two.

       gitworkflows(7)
	   An overview of recommended workflows with Git.

REPOSITORY, COMMAND AND FILE INTERFACES
       This documentation discusses repository and command interfaces which
       users are expected to interact with directly. See --user-formats in
       git-help(1) for more details on the criteria.

       gitattributes(5)
	   Defining attributes per path.

       gitcli(7)
	   Git command-line interface and conventions.

       githooks(5)
	   Hooks used by Git.

       gitignore(5)
	   Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore.

       gitmailmap(5)
	   Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses.

       gitmodules(5)
	   Defining submodule properties.

       gitrepository-layout(5)
	   Git Repository Layout.

       gitrevisions(7)
	   Specifying revisions and ranges for Git.

FILE FORMATS, PROTOCOLS AND OTHER DEVELOPER INTERFACES
       This documentation discusses file formats, over-the-wire protocols and
       other git developer interfaces. See --developer-interfaces in git-
       help(1).

       gitformat-bundle(5)
	   The bundle file format.

       gitformat-chunk(5)
	   Chunk-based file formats.

       gitformat-commit-graph(5)
	   Git commit graph format.

       gitformat-index(5)
	   Git index format.

       gitformat-pack(5)
	   Git pack format.

       gitformat-signature(5)
	   Git cryptographic signature formats.

       gitprotocol-capabilities(5)
	   Protocol v0 and v1 capabilities.

       gitprotocol-common(5)
	   Things common to various protocols.

       gitprotocol-http(5)
	   Git HTTP-based protocols.

       gitprotocol-pack(5)
	   How packs are transferred over-the-wire.

       gitprotocol-v2(5)
	   Git Wire Protocol, Version 2.

CONFIGURATION MECHANISM
       Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
       repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look like
       this:

	   #
	   # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
	   #

	   ; core variables
	   [core]
		   ; Don't trust file modes
		   filemode = false

	   ; user identity
	   [user]
		   name = "Junio C Hamano"
		   email = "gitster@pobox.com"


       Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust their
       operation accordingly. See git-config(1) for a list and more details
       about the configuration mechanism.

IDENTIFIER TERMINOLOGY
       <object>
	   Indicates the object name for any type of object.

       <blob>
	   Indicates a blob object name.

       <tree>
	   Indicates a tree object name.

       <commit>
	   Indicates a commit object name.

       <tree-ish>
	   Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A command that takes a
	   <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to operate on a <tree> object
	   but automatically dereferences <commit> and <tag> objects that
	   point at a <tree>.

       <commit-ish>
	   Indicates a commit or tag object name. A command that takes a
	   <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to operate on a <commit>
	   object but automatically dereferences <tag> objects that point at a
	   <commit>.

       <type>
	   Indicates that an object type is required. Currently one of: blob,
	   tree, commit, or tag.

       <file>
	   Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the root of the
	   tree structure GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.

SYMBOLIC IDENTIFIERS
       Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
       symbolic notation:

       HEAD
	   indicates the head of the current branch.

       <tag>
	   a valid tag name (i.e. a refs/tags/<tag> reference).

       <head>
	   a valid head name (i.e. a refs/heads/<head> reference).

       For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see "SPECIFYING
       REVISIONS" section in gitrevisions(7).

FILE/DIRECTORY STRUCTURE
       Please see the gitrepository-layout(5) document.

       Read githooks(5) for more details about each hook.

       Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
       $GIT_DIR.

TERMINOLOGY
       Please see gitglossary(7).

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       Various Git commands pay attention to environment variables and change
       their behavior. The environment variables marked as "Boolean" take
       their values the same way as Boolean valued configuration variables,
       e.g. "true", "yes", "on" and positive numbers are taken as "yes".

       Here are the variables:

   The Git Repository
       These environment variables apply to all core Git commands. Nb: it is
       worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above Git
       so take care if using a foreign front-end.

       GIT_INDEX_FILE
	   This environment variable specifies an alternate index file. If not
	   specified, the default of $GIT_DIR/index is used.

       GIT_INDEX_VERSION
	   This environment variable specifies what index version is used when
	   writing the index file out. It won't affect existing index files.
	   By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See git-update-
	   index(1) for more information.

       GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY
	   If the object storage directory is specified via this environment
	   variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath -
	   otherwise the default $GIT_DIR/objects directory is used.

       GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES
	   Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
	   archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
	   specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list of Git
	   object directories which can be used to search for Git objects. New
	   objects will not be written to these directories.

	   Entries that begin with " (double-quote) will be interpreted as
	   C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing double-quotes
	   and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
	   "path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path has two paths:
	   path-with-"-and-:-in-it and vanilla-path.

       GIT_DIR
	   If the GIT_DIR environment variable is set then it specifies a path
	   to use instead of the default .git for the base of the repository.
	   The --git-dir command-line option also sets this value.

       GIT_WORK_TREE
	   Set the path to the root of the working tree. This can also be
	   controlled by the --work-tree command-line option and the
	   core.worktree configuration variable.

       GIT_NAMESPACE
	   Set the Git namespace; see gitnamespaces(7) for details. The
	   --namespace command-line option also sets this value.

       GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES
	   This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If set, it
	   is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up into while
	   looking for a repository directory (useful for excluding
	   slow-loading network directories). It will not exclude the current
	   working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the
	   environment. Normally, Git has to read the entries in this list and
	   resolve any symlink that might be present in order to compare them
	   with the current directory. However, if even this access is slow,
	   you can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
	   subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; e.g.,
	   GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink.

       GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM
	   When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
	   directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
	   directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
	   does not cross filesystem boundaries. This Boolean environment
	   variable can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
	   boundaries. Like GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES, this will not affect an
	   explicit repository directory set via GIT_DIR or on the command
	   line.

       GIT_COMMON_DIR
	   If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
	   normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path instead.
	   Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are taken from
	   $GIT_DIR. See gitrepository-layout(5) and git-worktree(1) for
	   details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
	   variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...

       GIT_DEFAULT_HASH
	   If this variable is set, the default hash algorithm for new
	   repositories will be set to this value. This value is currently
	   ignored when cloning; the setting of the remote repository is used
	   instead. The default is "sha1". THIS VARIABLE IS EXPERIMENTAL! See
	   --object-format in git-init(1).

   Git Commits
       GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
	   The human-readable name used in the author identity when creating
	   commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the
	   user.name and author.name configuration settings.

       GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
	   The email address used in the author identity when creating commit
	   or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the user.email
	   and author.email configuration settings.

       GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
	   The date used for the author identity when creating commit or tag
	   objects, or when writing reflogs. See git-commit(1) for valid
	   formats.

       GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
	   The human-readable name used in the committer identity when
	   creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides
	   the user.name and committer.name configuration settings.

       GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
	   The email address used in the author identity when creating commit
	   or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the user.email
	   and committer.email configuration settings.

       GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
	   The date used for the committer identity when creating commit or
	   tag objects, or when writing reflogs. See git-commit(1) for valid
	   formats.

       EMAIL
	   The email address used in the author and committer identities if no
	   other relevant environment variable or configuration setting has
	   been set.

   Git Diffs
       GIT_DIFF_OPTS
	   Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the number of
	   context lines shown when a unified diff is created. This takes
	   precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option value passed on the
	   Git diff command line.

       GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF
	   When the environment variable GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is set, the program
	   named by it is called to generate diffs, and Git does not use its
	   builtin diff machinery. For a path that is added, removed, or
	   modified, GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called with 7 parameters:

	       path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode

	   where:

       <old|new>-file
	   are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the contents of
	   <old|new>,

       <old|new>-hex
	   are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,

       <old|new>-mode
	   are the octal representation of the file modes.

	   The file parameters can point at the user's working file (e.g.
	   new-file in "git-diff-files"), /dev/null (e.g.  old-file when a new
	   file is added), or a temporary file (e.g.  old-file in the index).
	   GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF should not worry about unlinking the temporary
	   file --- it is removed when GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF exits.

	   For a path that is unmerged, GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called with 1
	   parameter, <path>.

	   For each path GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called, two environment
	   variables, GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER and GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL are set.

       GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER
	   A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.

       GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL
	   The total number of paths.

   other
       GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY
	   A number controlling the amount of output shown by the recursive
	   merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. See git-merge(1)

       GIT_PAGER
	   This environment variable overrides $PAGER. If it is set to an
	   empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch a pager.
	   See also the core.pager option in git-config(1).

       GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY
	   A number controlling how many seconds to delay before showing
	   optional progress indicators. Defaults to 2.

       GIT_EDITOR
	   This environment variable overrides $EDITOR and $VISUAL. It is used
	   by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, an editor is to
	   be launched. See also git-var(1) and the core.editor option in git-
	   config(1).

       GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR
	   This environment variable overrides the configured Git editor when
	   editing the todo list of an interactive rebase. See also git-
	   rebase(1) and the sequence.editor option in git-config(1).

       GIT_SSH, GIT_SSH_COMMAND
	   If either of these environment variables is set then git fetch and
	   git push will use the specified command instead of ssh when they
	   need to connect to a remote system. The command-line parameters
	   passed to the configured command are determined by the ssh variant.
	   See ssh.variant option in git-config(1) for details.

	   $GIT_SSH_COMMAND takes precedence over $GIT_SSH, and is interpreted
	   by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
	   $GIT_SSH on the other hand must be just the path to a program
	   (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
	   needed).

	   Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
	   personal .ssh/config file. Please consult your ssh documentation
	   for further details.

       GIT_SSH_VARIANT
	   If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git's
	   autodetection whether GIT_SSH/GIT_SSH_COMMAND/core.sshCommand refer
	   to OpenSSH, plink or tortoiseplink. This variable overrides the
	   config setting ssh.variant that serves the same purpose.

       GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY
	   Setting and exporting this environment variable to any value tells
	   Git not to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or pushing over
	   HTTPS.

       GIT_ASKPASS
	   If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need
	   to acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP
	   authentication) will call this program with a suitable prompt as
	   command-line argument and read the password from its STDOUT. See
	   also the core.askPass option in git-config(1).

       GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT
	   If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, git will not
	   prompt on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).

       GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL, GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM
	   Take the configuration from the given files instead from global or
	   system-level configuration files. If GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM is set, the
	   system config file defined at build time (usually /etc/gitconfig)
	   will not be read. Likewise, if GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL is set, neither
	   $HOME/.gitconfig nor $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config will be read. Can
	   be set to /dev/null to skip reading configuration files of the
	   respective level.

       GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM
	   Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
	   $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig file. This Boolean environment variable can
	   be used along with $HOME and $XDG_CONFIG_HOME to create a
	   predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it to
	   true to temporarily avoid using a buggy /etc/gitconfig file while
	   waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.

       GIT_FLUSH
	   If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such as
	   git blame (in incremental mode), git rev-list, git log, git
	   check-attr and git check-ignore will force a flush of the output
	   stream after each record have been flushed. If this variable is set
	   to "0", the output of these commands will be done using completely
	   buffered I/O. If this environment variable is not set, Git will
	   choose buffered or record-oriented flushing based on whether stdout
	   appears to be redirected to a file or not.

       GIT_TRACE
	   Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
	   command execution and external command execution.

	   If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is case
	   insensitive), trace messages will be printed to stderr.

	   If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and lower
	   than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this value as an open
	   file descriptor and will try to write the trace messages into this
	   file descriptor.

	   Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path (starting
	   with a / character), Git will interpret this as a file path and
	   will try to append the trace messages to it.

	   Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false"
	   (case insensitive) disables trace messages.

       GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR
	   Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension. See
	   GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS
	   Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
	   access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is recorded.
	   This may be helpful for troubleshooting some pack-related
	   performance problems. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output
	   options.

       GIT_TRACE_PACKET
	   Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a given
	   program. This can help with debugging object negotiation or other
	   protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet starting with
	   "PACK" (but see GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE below). See GIT_TRACE for
	   available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE
	   Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a given program.
	   Unlike other trace output, this trace is verbatim: no headers, and
	   no quoting of binary data. You almost certainly want to direct into
	   a file (e.g., GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack) rather than
	   displaying it on the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.

	   Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side of
	   clones and fetches.

       GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE
	   Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
	   time of each Git command. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output
	   options.

       GIT_TRACE_REFS
	   Enables trace messages for operations on the ref database. See
	   GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_SETUP
	   Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
	   working directory after Git has completed its setup phase. See
	   GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW
	   Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching / cloning
	   of shallow repositories. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output
	   options.

       GIT_TRACE_CURL
	   Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
	   including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
	   This is similar to doing curl --trace-ascii on the command line.
	   See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_CURL_NO_DATA
	   When a curl trace is enabled (see GIT_TRACE_CURL above), do not
	   dump data (that is, only dump info lines and headers).

       GIT_TRACE2
	   Enables more detailed trace messages from the "trace2" library.
	   Output from GIT_TRACE2 is a simple text-based format for human
	   readability.

	   If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is case
	   insensitive), trace messages will be printed to stderr.

	   If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and lower
	   than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this value as an open
	   file descriptor and will try to write the trace messages into this
	   file descriptor.

	   Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path (starting
	   with a / character), Git will interpret this as a file path and
	   will try to append the trace messages to it. If the path already
	   exists and is a directory, the trace messages will be written to
	   files (one per process) in that directory, named according to the
	   last component of the SID and an optional counter (to avoid
	   filename collisions).

	   In addition, if the variable is set to
	   af_unix:[<socket_type>:]<absolute-pathname>, Git will try to open
	   the path as a Unix Domain Socket. The socket type can be either
	   stream or dgram.

	   Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false"
	   (case insensitive) disables trace messages.

	   See Trace2 documentation[2] for full details.

       GIT_TRACE2_EVENT
	   This setting writes a JSON-based format that is suited for machine
	   interpretation. See GIT_TRACE2 for available trace output options
	   and Trace2 documentation[2] for full details.

       GIT_TRACE2_PERF
	   In addition to the text-based messages available in GIT_TRACE2,
	   this setting writes a column-based format for understanding nesting
	   regions. See GIT_TRACE2 for available trace output options and
	   Trace2 documentation[2] for full details.

       GIT_TRACE_REDACT
	   By default, when tracing is activated, Git redacts the values of
	   cookies, the "Authorization:" header, the "Proxy-Authorization:"
	   header and packfile URIs. Set this Boolean environment variable to
	   false to prevent this redaction.

       GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS
	   Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to
	   treat all pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For
	   example, running GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c' will
	   search for commits that touch the path *.c, not any paths that the
	   glob *.c matches. You might want this if you are feeding literal
	   paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by git ls-tree,
	   --raw diff output, etc).

       GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS
	   Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to
	   treat all pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).

       GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS
	   Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to
	   treat all pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).

       GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS
	   Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to
	   treat all pathspecs as case-insensitive.

       GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
	   When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep track of
	   the reason why the ref was updated (which is typically the name of
	   the high-level command that updated the ref), in addition to the
	   old and new values of the ref. A scripted Porcelain command can use
	   set_reflog_action helper function in git-sh-setup to set its name
	   to this variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
	   end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.

       GIT_REF_PARANOIA
	   If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, ignore broken
	   or badly named refs when iterating over lists of refs. Normally Git
	   will try to include any such refs, which may cause some operations
	   to fail. This is usually preferable, as potentially destructive
	   operations (e.g., git-prune(1)) are better off aborting rather than
	   ignoring broken refs (and thus considering the history they point
	   to as not worth saving). The default value is 1 (i.e., be paranoid
	   about detecting and aborting all operations). You should not
	   normally need to set this to 0, but it may be useful when trying to
	   salvage data from a corrupted repository.

       GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL
	   If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
	   protocol.allow is set to never, and each of the listed protocols
	   has protocol.<name>.allow set to always (overriding any existing
	   configuration). See the description of protocol.allow in git-
	   config(1) for more details.

       GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER
	   Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent protocols
	   used by fetch/push/clone which are configured to the user state.
	   This is useful to restrict recursive submodule initialization from
	   an untrusted repository or for programs which feed
	   potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See git-config(1) for
	   more details.

       GIT_PROTOCOL
	   For internal use only. Used in handshaking the wire protocol.
	   Contains a colon : separated list of keys with optional values
	   key[=value]. Presence of unknown keys and values must be ignored.

	   Note that servers may need to be configured to allow this variable
	   to pass over some transports. It will be propagated automatically
	   when accessing local repositories (i.e., file:// or a filesystem
	   path), as well as over the git:// protocol. For git-over-http, it
	   should work automatically in most configurations, but see the
	   discussion in git-http-backend(1). For git-over-ssh, the ssh server
	   may need to be configured to allow clients to pass this variable
	   (e.g., by using AcceptEnv GIT_PROTOCOL with OpenSSH).

	   This configuration is optional. If the variable is not propagated,
	   then clients will fall back to the original "v0" protocol (but may
	   miss out on some performance improvements or features). This
	   variable currently only affects clones and fetches; it is not yet
	   used for pushes (but may be in the future).

       GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS
	   If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, Git will
	   complete any requested operation without performing any optional
	   sub-operations that require taking a lock. For example, this will
	   prevent git status from refreshing the index as a side effect. This
	   is useful for processes running in the background which do not want
	   to cause lock contention with other operations on the repository.
	   Defaults to 1.

       GIT_REDIRECT_STDIN, GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT, GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR
	   Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard input/output/error
	   handles to paths specified by the environment variables. This is
	   particularly useful in multi-threaded applications where the
	   canonical way to pass standard handles via CreateProcess() is not
	   an option because it would require the handles to be marked
	   inheritable (and consequently every spawned process would inherit
	   them, possibly blocking regular Git operations). The primary
	   intended use case is to use named pipes for communication (e.g.
	   \\.\pipe\my-git-stdin-123).

	   Two special values are supported: off will simply close the
	   corresponding standard handle, and if GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR is 2>&1,
	   standard error will be redirected to the same handle as standard
	   output.

       GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS (deprecated)
	   If set to yes, print an ellipsis following an (abbreviated) SHA-1
	   value. This affects indications of detached HEADs (git-checkout(1))
	   and the raw diff output (git-diff(1)). Printing an ellipsis in the
	   cases mentioned is no longer considered adequate and support for it
	   is likely to be removed in the foreseeable future (along with the
	   variable).

DISCUSSION
       More detail on the following is available from the Git concepts chapter
       of the user-manual[3] and gitcore-tutorial(7).

       A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
       subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
       things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
       of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
       contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
       as tags and branch heads.

       The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
       hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
       directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
       and some number of parent commits.

       The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
       "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
       represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
       parent represent merges of independent lines of development.

       All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
       written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
       The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
       just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
       purpose.

       When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
       efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".

       Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
       may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.
       Refs with names beginning ref/head/ contain the SHA-1 name of the most
       recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
       tags of interest are stored under ref/tags/. A special ref named HEAD
       contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.

       The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
       path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
       the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
       attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
       corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
       working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
       be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
       content stored in the index.

       The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
       for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
       unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.

FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
       See the references in the "description" section to get started using
       Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary for a
       first-time user.

       The Git concepts chapter of the user-manual[3] and gitcore-tutorial(7)
       both provide introductions to the underlying Git architecture.

       See gitworkflows(7) for an overview of recommended workflows.

       See also the howto[4] documents for some useful examples.

       The internals are documented in the Git API documentation[5].

       Users migrating from CVS may also want to read gitcvs-migration(7).

AUTHORS
       Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
       C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
       <git@vger.kernel.org[6]>.
       http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary gives you a more
       complete list of contributors.

       If you have a clone of git.git itself, the output of git-shortlog(1)
       and git-blame(1) can show you the authors for specific parts of the
       project.

REPORTING BUGS
       Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org[6]> where the
       development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
       subscribed to the list to send a message there. See the list archive at
       https://lore.kernel.org/git for previous bug reports and other
       discussions.

       Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to the
       Git Security mailing list <git-security@googlegroups.com[7]>.

SEE ALSO
       gittutorial(7), gittutorial-2(7), giteveryday(7), gitcvs-migration(7),
       gitglossary(7), gitcore-tutorial(7), gitcli(7), The Git User's
       Manual[1], gitworkflows(7)

GIT
       Part of the git(1) suite

NOTES
	1. Git User's Manual
	   file:///usr/share/doc/git-2.38.4/user-manual.html

	2. Trace2 documentation
	   file:///usr/share/doc/git-2.38.4/technical/api-trace2.html

	3. Git concepts chapter of the user-manual
	   file:///usr/share/doc/git-2.38.4/user-manual.html#git-concepts

	4. howto
	   file:///usr/share/doc/git-2.38.4/howto-index.html

	5. Git API documentation
	   file:///usr/share/doc/git-2.38.4/technical/api-index.html

	6. git@vger.kernel.org
	   mailto:git@vger.kernel.org

	7. git-security@googlegroups.com
	   mailto:git-security@googlegroups.com



Git 2.38.4			  02/20/2023				GIT(1)